City manager

City Manager, in smaller cities and towns only city manager or town manager, was formerly the name given to the full-time head of the city or ( Velvet ) Local government (chief of the town hall ). This office has existed since the expiry of the North German council constitution - which was introduced by the influence of the British occupying power after 1945 - in the states of North Rhine -Westphalia and Lower Saxony no more. Until then there was in their cities and towns still a city's new top. In addition to volunteer mayor (or Samtgemeinde mayor or mayors ), which Chairman of the Council and representative of the community, was the city manager has been selected ( or city or ( Velvet ) Municipal Director) by the Council for a fixed term. His task was limited to the management of the administration. Meanwhile, this office was abolished and transferred the duties of the mayor or ( Samtgemeinde ) mayor. This is now employed full and combines the two previous functions in the administration ( single-track management tip).

In the Municipal Code of North Rhine- Westphalia, the term City Manager is no longer used today. Instead, speaking the local community in general order of the Assistant Secretary. The official title is Deputy Mayor (Mayor or Mayor ) in his capacity as head of the administration for the representation of the principal administrative officer. In general, the Assistant Secretary at the same time lead a business ( department ).

• 2.1 United States
• 2.2 Ireland

Germany

North Rhine -Westphalia

In North Rhine- Westphalia, the Office of the Town Clerk between 1994 and 1999 was abolished at the end of the term of each office holder and combined in connection with the Lord Mayor.

Lower Saxony

In Lower Saxony, the office ran out since the introduction of the one-track in the administration by the new Lower Saxon church order of 1996. In office, however, located uptown, urban, integrated municipality or municipal directors were able to stay until the end of their term in office. Explicitly not abolished but the Office of the Director municipality is in the member communities of the Lower Saxon joint communities. Here, the honorary mayor will continue to be elected by the Council. The Office of the Municipal Director may be delegated to the integrated municipality mayor or other management representatives of each Samtgemeinde ( § 106 paragraph 1 sentence 1 NKomVG ).

Schleswig-Holstein

Between 1946 and 1950 there were in Schleswig- Holstein a city manager or city manager as head of the city administration. After this task was the mayor or mayor transferred and introduced Mayor for the previous mayor as chairman of the Council of the new titles.

Internationally

In English-speaking Council is in the double-track town council of management chairman usually Manager " council manager " called, alternatively and colloquially City Manager " city manager " as well as formal in some cities, Chief Administration Officer " Administrative officer".

In French-speaking regions is gérant municipal " city superintendent " directeur général or " General " is used.

United States

The first city with two-way Town Council ( Council Manager Government) in the United States was Staunton (Virginia), in 1908 a city manager for the first time certain; Dayton (Ohio ) was the first major city, in 1913 a separate administrative presidency introduced. The first community, which adopted a two-pronged permanently Town Council, was Sumter (South Carolina).

The city's new representative with the mayor and city manager is now the most common form of government in cities over 12,000 inhabitants.

Ireland

The duality was introduced in Ireland as a result of the turmoil of the First World War, the struggle for independence and subsequent civil war. The first government was it useful to overthrow the old administrative boards and replace them with paid officials. This was the case, among others, in the largest cities of Dublin and Cork.

For Cork, a commission was appointed in 1926 by independent agencies from industry and citizens who should draw up proposals for a change in the administrative order. The experience from the United States led to propose a city manager appointed by the City Council. Despite this resistance was introduced in 1929. This was followed in 1930 Dublin, Limerick in 1934, Waterford 1939.

An administrative reform of county government - 1940 proposed, in force since August 1942 - then brought the Office of the County Manager " Managing Directors " out which projects the government in each county and municipality. 1955, the existing legislation was combined in a comprehensive urban management law and is virtually unchanged entered the Irish community legislation Local Government Act 2001 since 2001.

Other meanings

From the above-mentioned office of the Town Clerk of the Town Clerk, the term is to be distinguished in the narrow sense, which is available today in many German states. This is usually around the head of a department or a unit. Therefore, there can be several such city managers within a city. Sometimes this is also called the City Director of Administration or Municipal Director.