Darian calendar
The Darische calendar is a calendar design, designed to meet the needs of future settlers on the planet Mars to meet. It was created by aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale in 1985 and appointed by the latter for his son Darius.
Martian year and leap year calculation
The Martian solar day (sol ) and the Tropical Martian year, the basic time sections that make up the Darische calendar. A sol is 39 minutes 35.244 seconds longer than the terrestrial solar day and the Tropical Year on Mars consists of 668.5907 sol. The basic formula for leap year calculation therefore assigns each decade Mars six years with 669 Sol length and four years with 668 Sol length. The former are the leap years (although in this case they are more common than the common years ) and are those years that are either odd or divisible by 10 without remainder.
Structure of the calendar
The year is divided into 24 months. The first 5 months of each quarter year consist of 28 Sol whereas shall be the sixth month has only 27 Sol. The only exception to this is a leap year, in which the last month of the year consists of 28 Sol. The month names are derived from the names of the zodiac signs, each two months correspond to a zodiac sign. So doing, the first of the two months the Latin name of the character and the following the name in Sanskrit. Sagittarius and Dhanus, the first two months, corresponding to the shooter.
A week consists of seven Sol, bearing in mind that the first week of the month always begins on the first day of the week. In a 27- month Soligen the result that the last day of the fourth week is not necessary.
In the following table are the weekdays from left to right: Solis, Lunae, Martis, Mercurii, Jovis, Veneris, Saturn.
The last day of the month Vrishika is a leap that does not occur every year.
Beginning of the year
The beginning of the Martian year is near the equinox, which marks the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Mars currently has an orbital inclination, similar to the Earth, so that the Martian seasons are imperceptible. Due to the higher eccentricity of the orbit of Mars compared to Earth's orbit, however, there is a substantial strengthening of the seasons on Mars one hemisphere and in turn to a slowdown in the other hemisphere of Mars. The most advanced calculations of the calendar Darischen consider even a slight extension of the tropical Mars year in the course of several millennia. These force a complicated leap year calculation ( for more details see the link below ).
Era
The choice of the Martian epoch was one of the biggest points of contention and controversy. Originally for July of 1976 was provided in recognition of the American Viking program with the first soft landing of a spacecraft on the Martian surface. This choice led to several problems. Firstly, the celebration of the Viking landings by some groups of people was perceived as nationalistic colored. Not least because the very first soft landing of a Mars probe in 1971 by the Soviet Mars 3 - held probe broke off their radio contact, however, after only twenty seconds. Furthermore, the many telescopic observations of Mars from the last 400 years had to be put on negative time data. Then Peter Kokh proposed in October 1999 as a starting point the 1609 or 1610 before, in recognition developed by Johannes Kepler Kepler's laws with the help of Tycho's observations, as well as Galileo's first observations of Mars with the help of a telescope.
Variants
In 2002 Gangale developed a variant of the Darischen calendar, which brings the months and the sol of the week in accordance with the help of a repeating pattern. This skipping sol is prevented in certain weeks. In this Martiana designated variant of the calendar start all months of a given quarter on the same Wochensol, which shifts the respective sol beginning of the month from quarter to quarter.
The following table shows the sol of the week with the start of each month of the relevant quarter. The first quarter corresponds to the spring on the Martian northern hemisphere and autumn in the Martian southern hemisphere.
Kim Stanley Robinson took up the idea of Darischen calendar in his Mars trilogy. In contrast to Darischen calendar is in this calendar is not one in six, but every eighth month of a 27- sol, so that there are only three of them. The months are not named after the zodiac signs, but bear traditional names, each counted twice (January 1, January 2, February 1, February 2, etc.). Unlike Gangale Robinson can count the years with the landing of the First Hundred in the September 2027 start. Overall, this calendar is 669 Martian sol and 689 Earth days long. A similar calendar is described in the manga by Kozue Amano Aqua. There, however, the months wear no name but simply be counted, according to current Japanese practice.
Other variants of Darischen calendar are the Darian Defrost Calendar and the Utopian Calendar. They differ from the actual Darischen Calendar by alternative month and weekday names. The Heron calendar also still used the Martina schema and begins 13 days after the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere. He also used the originally planned period, July 1975. Contrast, the Naughton - O'Meara calendar used the now common epoch, 1 January 1 Also he adheres strictly to the corresponding census years, which means that the year is once or twice a year changes during Martian.
More Darische Calendar
1998 Gangale fit to the Darischen calendar for use on the four Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto ). In 2003, he developed a variant of the calendar for titanium.
Other Martian calendar
Another Martian calendar was developed by Robert Zubrin 1993. As Thomas Gangale also called Zubrin the months after the zodiac signs of the zodiac. Unlike the Darischen Calendar Zubrins Martian calendar has only 12 months. Their length and the name is determined by the sign of the zodiac, in which the Mars, as seen from the Sun, is currently located. The beginning of the year put Zubrin on the spring equinox, as the epoch he chose the underground 1961. Because firstly it is a year in which the beginning of the year fall on Earth and Mars on the same day. On the other hand, it is the last of these years before the first space probes landed there.
Another Martian calendar was proposed in 1988 by David Powell. How Zubrins calendar also has the Davidianische Martian calendar 12 months, which, however, bear the traditional name. Even the traditional seven-day week is maintained, but the Tuesday renamed Gaiatag since Tuesday, mutatis mutandis means Martian day. The aim is to determine the future Mars colonists mitzugeben as much familiar. In an alternative version, however, a ten -day week (decade ) is used, the days are named after the sun, the two Martian moons, and the seven other planets. As era was the beginning of the Human Era, 10,000 BC used in relation to Mars, so that all historical data are positive. It is shifted in all years even-numbered years, except they end at 00, and all odd-numbered years that are divisible by 5 without remainder. The leap day is added to the end of February or June. Ends a year with 0000, 2000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 8000 or 9000 it begins with a Milleniumstag, which is available as January 0 outside of the weekly cycle. As with Darischen calendar is also in this calendar a variant for Jupiter.
Long before the previously mentioned calendar was developed, Robert Grant Aitken had been a martian Calendar developed and published in 1936. The year is divided into four seasons, which are in turn divided into four quarters. The first three quarters always include 42 days the last 41 days ever. Thus, a season has a total of 167 days. One exception is the last season. In leap years her last quarter of the leap day is added as 42 days; as in Darischen calendar also. Leap years are all years whose annual number without a remainder is divisible by 2. If the year is also still without residual divisible by 10, an additional Mitt anniversary is still connected. This is appended to the last quarter of the second season as the 42nd day. Leap years always begin with a Wednesday, Normal years begin with a Sunday. The first season corresponds to the spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the southern hemisphere. A defined period does not exist.