Denmark–Norway
Denmark-Norway from 1380 to 1814 was a confederation between Denmark and Norway under Danish supremacy.
From the Norwegian perspective, the personal union was experienced less than "covenant" between equal states. In light of the Norwegian romantic nationalism in the 19th century Henrik Ibsen described the era as the 400 - year - night cultural, political and economic dominance of Denmark on the same great neighbor.
From a Danish perspective, it was the guarantor of the sea-power in Europe, especially against arch-rivals Sweden. Swedish ships had free access to the western sea truncated ( Halland and Skåne were Danish, Norwegian Bohuslän ), and like all other trading powers they had to sail through the Øresund and the Danish court charged the Sundzoll.
Prehistory
970 was the Danish king Harald Bluetooth enforce his rule over Norway and incorporated the eastern part of the country to Denmark. 995 Norway was again a local king Olav Tryggvason I..
1035 fell below the Faroe Islands, the Norwegian crown. 1261 Greenland was acquired, incorporated 1262/64 Iceland. 1319 was the Norwegian crown to the King of Sweden. Until 1355 Norway was in personal union with Sweden.
Margaret I.
Margaret I was the daughter of the Danish king Valdemar IV Atterday and with the Norwegian king Håkon VI. married. When her father died in 1375 and left no son, she sat through diplomatic skills in the Danish Imperial Council with the help of their advisor Henning Podebusk by that her underage son Olav could succeed to the throne. They even took over the regency for him.
1380 dies and her husband Haakon, and Olaf is Norwegian heir to the throne. Again she gets the guardianship and is de facto queen of both kingdoms. 1387 Olav died very young, and formally their reign would have been so to the end. Nevertheless, Margaret can claim their claim before both boards Empire: 1388, she succeeds her grandnephew Erik of Pomerania against the Norwegian Imperial Council to place as heir to the throne. Norway is simultaneously hereditary monarchy - in contrast to Denmark, whose Imperial Parliament but also pays homage to Erich. Margaret remains regent of both kingdoms until her death.
1397 succeeded Margaret in addition to unite their empire double with Sweden in the so-called Kalmar Union. After her death, the designated heir to the throne Erich took over all the three northern kingdoms, the ratio of the Swedish Imperial Council remained problematic since it is the option of the Swedish king each reserved in the contract of the Kalmar Union.
1523 resigned Sweden under Gustavus Vasa again from the Union. Norway remained with its colonies continued in Denmark.
Christian III.
While the two arch-enemies between Denmark and Sweden should consequently lead to further hostilities, Norway in 1536 by Christian III was. declared to be a part of Denmark and Norway dissolved the Imperial Council. The personal union was transformed thereby into a real union.
This was facilitated by the plague, died at the time many of the Norwegian landowners ( nobles ), so Danish nobleman could fill this gap.
Norway but was never actually released as a separate state, the king dubbed itself as " King of Denmark and Norway," and it was a law for Denmark and a law for Norway. The King was represented by an imperial governor or vice governor in Norway.
Kiel peace
In the Kiel Peace on 14 January 1814, the Swedish Crown Prince Charles John ( the former French marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte and later King of Sweden and Norway ) Denmark forced them to cede Norway to his future kingdom. At the Congress of Vienna, this was confirmed. For Sweden, it was a compensation for the loss of Finland to Russia, and Denmark finally received compensation for the Duchy of Lauenburg. The old Norwegian possessions Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands remained with Denmark.
Norway's road to independence
On February 27, 1814 Norway proclaimed its independence. , Is elected King of Norway on May 17, 1814 Christian Friedrich ( 1839 King of Denmark was ) had to abdicate the throne and the Union agree to Norway with Sweden under the Swedish print on November 4, 1814.
On 7 June 1905, the Norwegian Storting declared the dissolution of the union with Sweden. On August 13, a referendum was held in Norway in which nearly 100 % speaking out for the dissolution of the Union. Sweden subsequently agreed that the resolution, and on 18 November 1905, the Danish Prince Carl (from Glücksburg ) was elected King Haakon VII.