Diarchy

The dual power (also Biarchie outdated, dyarchy ) is a form of domination. It is when an institution or organization has two equal leaders. The dual power is the intertwining of two interconnected, interdependent, but also institutionally each other reluctant powers.

Dual power constellations in the public sector

Examples are in ancient times the Romans and Sabines Doppelkönigtum the united, as is ever hereditary Doppelkönigtum two royal houses in Sparta. An example in the present is the Principality of Andorra, a parliamentary monarchy, which has two choice monarch at its head: the French President (France as the legal successor of the Counts of Foix ), elected by the French people, and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell, appointed by the Pope.

The Principality of Salm (ca. 1802-1810 ) was a real union of the principality of Salm -Salm and the Principality of Salm- Kyrburg in dual power ruled by the Prince of Salm- Salm and the Prince of Salm- Kyrburg. Since the latter, however, was still a minor at the time, served his uncle and aunt as regent.

The historic Barotseland in Zambia today was traditionally a female and a male tribal monarch at its head.

Even with Republics are twin peaks before: two suffetes in ancient Carthage, two consuls in ancient Roman Empire, two Captains Regent of San Marino in today.

In addition to regular, well-established double dominions there were in various states also always temporary double dominions, after the end again reigned only a ruler. Examples are the double rule of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 161-169 and of Peter I and his brother Ivan V of Russia from 1682 to 1696. Usually one partner dominated in such temporary double dominions, however, despite nominal equality of the other clearly.

An actual dual power as in the Republic of Poland in 2007, where President and Prime Minister were twin brothers in the constitutional sense is not a dual power, but has political parallels in many republics with ruling families.

Dual power constellations in the private and the private sector

In the German economy are two equal board members as a form of the four- eyes principle not uncommon ( especially common in the general partnership ) - there also multi-headed forms of rule. The so-called tariff authority is exercised by two collective actors that are even conflict opponents: employers' associations and trade unions wield together.

Looking at the (legitimate ) nuclear family under the rule aspects, so father and mother have equal rights, about the education of their children according to the German family law.

Different word meaning

The dual power of word use the theory of revolution by Crane Brinton (see The Anatomy of Revolution 1938 ² 1965 ), however, thinks no legitimate diarchy, but the de facto coexistence of two mutually warring Direction domination centers, of which one is legal, the other revolutionary or putschistisch.

So it was in the Russian Empire (February Revolution of 1917 ) to July 1917 ( July uprising ) a dual rule of the Soviets and the " Provisional Government " under Alexander Kerensky.

Likewise existed in Ethiopia from April to September 1974, a dual power of a revolutionary military council (which then in September 1974 formed the Derg ), and of losing power to the Emperor Haile Selassie.