Doronicum

Lime Gämswurz ( doronicum glaciale subsp. Calcareum )

The Doronicum ( doronicum ), also called Gamswurzen, are a genus of flowering plants from the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). The approximately 35 species are native to Eurasia and North Africa. Varieties fewer species are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens in the moderate latitudes.

• 5.1 Notes and references
• 5.2 Literature for the occurring species in Central Europe

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The Gämswurz species are perennial herbaceous plants, plant height usually 10 to 60 (rarely to 90, and only in exceptional cases over 150 ) reach cm. They usually form from rhizomes. The stems are simple or little branched.

The stalked or sitting leaves are basal or alternate distributed on the stem. The simple leaf blade is usually elliptic, lanceolate, ovate - circular or ovate, rarely oblong, fiddle or spatulate. The leaf surfaces are bare or spinnwebartig until soft, sometimes glandular - hairy fluffy, especially along the leaf veins. The leaf margin is smooth, notched or toothed.

Generative features

The solitary or several in schirmtraubigen total inflorescences standing together on often long, glandular - hairy fluffy Blütenstandsschäften usually relatively large bloom conditions always contain tubes and ray florets. The inflorescence envelope is bell-shaped to hemispherical or wider and 22 to 40 mm. The 21 to 30 durable, upright to spreading bracts are in two to more than three rows, free or almost free, lanceolate to linear or pfriemförmig are more or less the same, the edges often but rarely ciliated trockenhäutig. The inflorescence floors are curved convex to hemispherical and contain no chaff leaves, but often short hair. At the edge is a number from 13 to rare, usually 21 to 40 (with double flowered cultivars, there are more) ray florets that are feminine and fertile. Inside are rarely up to 50, usually 100 to 250 florets ( = disc florets ) that are hermaphrodite and fertile. The five yellow petals are fused Roehrig.

The flattened, broad - ovate wrong achenes are five or zehnrippig, bald or hairy. The durable pappus consists of 40 to 60 white to straw-colored beard bristles, which are in one to two rows. Sometimes when ray florets lacking a pappus, such as doronicum pardalianches. The seed dispersal is carried by wind.

The base chromosome number is x = 30

Occurrence

The wide distribution of the genus doronicum includes Eurasia and North Africa (Morocco and northeastern Algeria). About twelve species are native to Europe. In German-speaking Austrian come Gämswurz ( doronicum austriacum ), Clusius Gämswurz, even Shaggy Gämswurz ( doronicum clusii ), Nodding Pincushion Gämswurz ( doronicum columnae ), Large-flowered Gämswurz ( doronicum grandiflorum ) and Creeping Gämswurz ( doronicum pardalianches ) ago.

Doronicum species thrive in forests, on open rocky sites with moist soils, meadows and near streams at altitudes 0-5000 meters.

Some species are used as ornamentals and sometimes run wild. In North America there are only stocks of wild species: doronicum orientale, doronicum plantagineum, doronicum pardalianches L.

System

The genus name doronicum was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, pp. 885-886. Type species is L. doronicum pardalianches

The genus name doronicum was used before Linnaeus for at least six plant species. The oldest evidence is the medium in a French deronic translated by Olivier de La Haye poem ( Poème sur la Grande Peste ) of 1425, which supposedly goes back to an Arab- Persian source. Probably the Arabic and Persian names have merely referred to also golden yellow flowers. Thus, it is then derived from the Old Persian daraniya for gold the name.

The genus belongs to the tribe doronicum Senecioneae in the subfamily herbaceous within the family Asteraceae.

There are about 26 to 35 doronicum types:

• Doronicum altaicum Pall. ( Syn: .. Aronicum altaicum ( Pall. ) DC, doronicum bargusinense Serg, doronicum bargusinense var pilosum CHAn ): Its distribution area in Central Asia ranges from Turkistan and the Altai region to Lake Baikal.
• Austrian Gämswurz ( doronicum austriacum Jacq. ): It comes with two subspecies in the mountains of Europe, Carpathians, Balkan Mountains, Alps, Apennines and eastern Pyrenees before.
• Doronicum briquetii Cavill. It is resident in central and southern China in the provinces of Sichuan, Qinghai and Yunnan and Tibet in the Himalayas.
• Doronicum cacaliifolium Boiss. & Heldr. It is native to southern Turkey in the provinces of Antalya and Konya.
• Doronicum Carpaticum ( Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman: It is native to the Carpathians.
• Doronicum carpetanum Boiss. & Reut. ex Willk. & Lange: With four subspecies. It grows in the mountains in the center of the Iberian Peninsula and a few scattered populations to the north.
• Torrent - Gämswurz ( doronicum cataractarum Aries ): It is an endemic of the Kor.
• Clusius Gämswurz, even Shaggy Gämswurz ( doronicum clusii ( All. ) Exchange, Syn: Arnica clusii All, Arnica clusii All, Aronicum clusii ( All. ) WDJKoch, doronicum hirsutum Lam nom illeg, Arnica stiriaca Vill.. .. .. .. ., doronicum stiriacum ( Vill. ) Dalla Torre, doronicum clusii subsp stiriacum ( Vill. ) Soják, doronicum clusii subsp villosum ( Beck) Vierh, doronicum clusii villosum var Beck): It grows in the Alps and Carpathians.
• Nodding Pincushion Gämswurz ( doronicum columnae Ten., Arnica wulfeniana Pollini, Aronicum cordatum, doronicum caucasicum Vis. Illegitimate doronicum caucasicum var elatior Ambrosi, doronicum columnae var cordifolium ( Sternb. ) Fiori & Paol. , Doronicum columnae var elatior ( Ambrosi ) Fiori & Paol. , doronicum columnae subsp. lucidum ( Bernh. ex Pantoc. ) Rouy, doronicum columnae var pilosum ( Simonk. ) Rouy, doronicum cordatum Sch.Bip. , doronicum cordatum K.Koch illegitimate doronicum cordifolium Sternb. , doronicum. . eriorrhizon cast, doronicum lucidum Bernh ex Pantoc, doronicum nendtvichii Sadler, doronicum orientale Rchb illegitimate doronicum pilosum ( Simonk. ) Simonk, doronicum wulfenianum ( Pollini ) Poir ): .. .. The main distribution area is located in the Balkan Mountains, and there are occurrences in central Greece, the Carpathians, the Alps and the Apennines.
• Doronicum corsicum ( Loisel. ) Poir. It occurs only in Corsica.
• Doronicum dolichotrichum Cavill. ( Syn: doronicum hakkiaricum JREdm, doronicum hyrcanum Aries & Rech f. ): It is native to the northeastern Turkey and the Caucasus to the south of the Caspian Sea.
• Doronicum falconeri C.B.Clarke ex Hook. f: The range extends from the central - western China ( Xinjiang and Qinghai provinces of Tibet ) over Mongolia, Turkestan, Pamir to the Himalayas.
• Doronicum gansuense YLChen: It occurs only in the provinces of Gansu and Sichuan in central China.
• Glacier Gämswurz ( doronicum glaciale ( Wulfen ) Nyman, Syn: doronicum cordifolium Stokes, doronicum calcareum Vierh. ): With two subspecies. It thrives in the central eastern Alps at altitudes 1000-2800 meters.
• Large-flowered Gämswurz ( doronicum grandiflorum Lam, Syn: .. Aronicum scorpioides ( Lam.) WDJKoch, Aronicum viscosum Freyn & Gaut, doronicum halleri exchange, doronicum portae Chabert, doronicum pyrenaicum ( Godr. ) Rivas Mart, doronicum scorpioides Lam,. . doronicum viscosum ( Freyn & Gaut. ) Nyman, Aronicum scorpioides var pyrenaicum Godr ). It is home to two subspecies in the central western Europe.
• Doronicum haussknechtii Cavill. ( Syn: doronicum tobeyi JREdm. ): The home is located in the northern and central Turkey in the provinces of Giresun, Kayseri and Maras.
• Doronicum Hungaricum C.Rchb. ( Syn: .. Doronicum longifolium Griseb & Schenk non Rchb, doronicum Hungaricum subsp praehungaricum Pénzes. ): It comes in the Balkan Mountains, in the Carpathians and in the Ukraine.
• Doronicum kamaonense ( DC.) Alv.Fern. ( Syn: doronicum roylei DC. ): It is in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and Bhutan and Tibet is home to at altitudes 2900-4600 meters.
• Doronicum macrophyllum fish. ( Syn: . Doronicum balansae Cavill, doronicum macrolepis Freyn & Sint. ): It is resident with two subspecies in the northern Turkey and the Caucasus.
• Doronicum maximum Boiss. & A.Huet: The range extends from eastern Turkey to the south of the Caucasus and south of the Caspian Sea.
• Doronicum oblongifolium DC. It is native to the Caucasus.
• Caucasus Gämswurz ( Doronicum orientale Hoffm, Syn. Doronicum caucasicum M.Bieb. ): The home ranges in the eastern Mediterranean from Sicily and Greece to the Caucasus.
• Crawling Gämswurz ( doronicum pardalianches L., Syn: .. Doronicum cordatum Lam nom illeg, Arnica scorpioides L., doronicum matthioli exchange. ): It is native to the northeastern Iberian Peninsula and in Central Europe.
• Plantain Gämswurz ( doronicum plantagineum L., Syn: doronicum atlanticum Rouy, Aronicum atlanticum Chabert, doronicum emarginatum HJCoste, doronicum subcordatum HJCoste nom age, doronicum willdenowii ( Rouy ) AWHill, doronicum tournefortii Rouy. . ): With four subspecies. The home is the western Mediterranean: the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Morocco and Algeria).
• Doronicum reticulatum Boiss. (. Doronicum thirkei Boiss nom illeg, doronicum bithynicum JREdm. .. ): It is native to the western and central Turkey in the provinces of Bolu, Bursa and Konya.
• Doronicum stenoglossum Maxim. It is native to southern - central China in the provinces of Gansu, Sichuan, Tibet - Qinghai and Yunnan.

Past medical application

After John Gerard (1545-1612) was the root of the Gämswurz (English name Leopard's Bane ) toxic to animals such as panthers, pigs, wolves, but not for humans. Tabor therefore assumes that it will be dealt a death-like sleep at the plant, with Imogen in Shakespeare's Cymbeline, to act could Gämswurz.

Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) classified the Gämswurz ( no type specified) as hot and dry. The root strength the heart and protect them from the plague. Distance, they help with dizziness, against the bite of poisonous animals, after taking too much opium and against lethargy.

Swell

• Amy Trauth Nare: doronicum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: unranked, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 ( Astereae, Senecioneae ), Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7, p 611, online ( section Description, distribution and systematics).
• Ines Álvarez Fernández: Systematics of Eurasian and North African doronicum (Asteraceae: Senecioneae ). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 90, No. 3, 2003, pp. 319-389, doi: 10.2307/3298534, scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org (Section Description, distribution and systematics).
• Ines Álvarez Fernández, Javier Fuertes Aguilar, Jose L. Panero, Gonzalo Nieto Feliner: A phylogenetic analysis of doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae ) based on morphological, nuclear ribosomal (ITS ), and chloroplast ( trnL -F) evidence. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 20, No. 1, 2001, pp. 41-64, DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.0954, PDF file.