Asteroideae

The herbaceous ( old name Tubuliflorae ) are a subfamily of the family of plants of the daisy family (Asteraceae). Some species are medicinal or aromatic plants.

Description

The members of this subfamily are usually herbaceous plants, there are also woody taxa. Some taxa are succulent. The vegetative organs are crossed by oil and resin ducts, which are subjected to incurred ski and covered with epithelium. Latex tubes are missing. The change-constant leaves can be simple or compound.

It is typical of this subfamily that often both outside zygomorphe in the basket- shaped inflorescences, dreizipfelige ray florets ( = ray florets ) as well as inside radiärsymmetrische tubular flowers ( = disc florets ) are present, which do not exist in the other subfamilies. In a few taxa the ray florets absent, tubular flowers are always present. The flowers sit on a disk- to cone-shaped inflorescence base ( receptaculum ). The flower head is surrounded by bracts. Often chaff leaves are on the bottom basket; there are the bracts of the flowers. The sepals are transformed to the so-called pappus. The petals are fused into a tube. That five petals are involved in these tubes, the five or three Kronblattspitzen show. The five stamens the anthers are glued together to form a tube. The stylus " sweeps " with Fegehaaren the pollen from the anther tube; opening the stigmas and the release of the fertile capable inside takes place only subsequently, in order to avoid self-pollination. Two carpels are a inferior ovary fused with two scars.

There are achenes, which often have a pappus to the spread formed.

Ingredients

As a storage carbohydrate they have inulin. Essential oils are widely used. Also important are polyynes ( polyacetylenes = ) and sesquiterpene lactones.

System

The subfamily herbaceous was erected in 1829 by John Lindley.

This subfamily contains about 1,135 genera and about 16,200 species, with global distribution. The subfamily is herbaceous in 20 tribes divided ( The genera are in the articles of the tribe listed):

  • Tribus Anthemideae Panero: it contains about 100 to 110 genera with about 1700 species.
  • Tribus Astereae Cass. Contains over 200 genera with about 3000 species.
  • Tribus Athroismeae Panero: It contains about seven plant genera with about 59 to 70 species, which are distributed mainly in Africa and Australia.
  • Tribus Calenduleae Cass. Earlier today were eight twelve genera with about 110 to 120 species included. They are almost always without pappus.
  • Tribus Eupatorieae Cass. Contains about 167-181 genera with about 2000-2400 species.
  • Tribus Gnaphalieae Cass. ex Lecoq & Juill. It is divided into five to six subtribe with about 184-187 genera and 1240 to over 2000 species.
  • Tribe Heliantheae Cass. Today contains only 14 subtribe with only about 112 genera. Some new tribes were divided.
  • Tribus Inuleae Cass. Contains approximately 40 to 60 genera with about 500 to 600 species.
  • Tribus Plucheeae ( Cass. ex Dum. ) Anderberg: It contains about 27 genera and 219 species.
  • Tribus Senecioneae Cass. Contains approximately 150 genera with about 3200 species.
  • Tribus Bahieae BGBaldwin: It contains about 19 genera: Achyropappus Kunth
  • Amauriopsis Rydb.
  • Apostates N.S.Lander
  • Bahia Lag
  • Bartlettia A.Gray
  • Chaetymenia Hook. & Arn.
  • Chamaechaenactis Rydb.
  • Espejoa DC.
  • Florentina Cass.
  • Holoschkuhria H.Rob.
  • Hymenopappus L' Hér.
  • Hymenothrix A.Gray
  • Hypericophyllum Steetz
  • Loxothysanus B.L.Rob.
  • Palafoxia Lag
  • Peucephyllum A.Gray
  • Platyschkuhria Rydb.
  • Psathyrotopsis Rydb.
  • Schkuhria Roth.
  • Thymopsis Benth.
  • Tribus Chaenactideae BGBaldwin: it contains only three genera: Chaenactis DC.
  • Dimeresia A.Gray
  • Orochaenactis Coville
  • Tribus Coreopsideae Lindl. Contains approximately 29 genera: Two teeth ( Bidens L. ): The 150 to more than 250 species are distributed almost worldwide. Especially many species there are of the temperate regions of the subtropics to the tropics of the New World.
  • Chrysanthellum Rich.
  • Coreocarpus Benth. The approximately nine species, all native to Mexico, a type also comes Arizona ago.
  • Girl eyes ( Coreopsis L.): Of the 35 some species are widespread in the tropics of the Old and New Worlds. The center of diversity is, at around 28 in the temperate regions of North America.
  • Cosmos Cav. The approximately 26 are widely distributed in the Neotropics, with a focus on biodiversity in Mexico. One type is a neophyte in many parts of the world.
  • Cyathomone S.F.Blake
  • Dahlias (Dahlia Cav. )
  • Dicranocarpus A.Gray: it contains only one type: Dicranocarpus parviflorus A.Gray: It comes from the southwestern United States prior to northern Mexico.
  • Tribus Feddeeae Pruski, P.Herrera, Anderb. & Franc. -site: . It was reorganized in 2008: Feddea Urb. Contains only one type: Feddea cubensis Urb. It is native and endangered only in eastern Cuba.
  • Tribus Helenieae Benth. & Hook. Contains approximately twelve genera: Amblyolepis DC.
  • Baileya Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray
  • Balduina Nutt.
  • Kokardenblumen ( Gaillardia Foug. ): 15 to 17 or more species in North America ( eleven species ), Mexico and South America (mainly Argentina) distributed.
  • Sneezeweed (Helenium L.): The approximately 32 species are widespread in the New World.
  • Hymenoxys Cass.
  • Marshallia Schreb.
  • Pelucha S.Wats.
  • Plateilema ( A. Gray ) Cockerell
  • Psathyrotes ( Nutt. ) A. Gray
  • Psilostrophe DC.
  • Tetraneuris Greene
  • Trichoptilium A.Gray
  • Tribus Madieae Jeps. Contains approximately 35 genera: Achyrachaena shower
  • Adenothamnus D.D.Keck
  • Argyroxiphium DC.
  • Amblyopappus Hook. & Arn.
  • Anisocarpus Nutt.
  • Arnica (Arnica L.): The approximately 29 species in North America ( 26 species ), Mexico, Europe, the Asian part of Russia and spread in Japan.
  • Baeriopsis J.T.Howell: it contains only one type: Baeriopsis guadalupensis J.T.Howell
  • Tribus Millerieae Lindl. ( Syn: subtribe Milleriinae ): It contains about 34 genera: Acanthospermum cabinet
  • Alepidocline S.F.Blake
  • Alloispermum Willd.
  • Aphanactis Wedd.
  • Axiniphyllum Benth.
  • Bebbia Greene
  • Carramboa Cuatrec.
  • Cymophora B.L.Rob.
  • Desmanthodium Benth.
  • Dyscritothamnus B.L.Rob.
  • Espeletia Mutis ex Humb. & Bonpl.
  • Faxonia Brandegee
  • Button herbs ( Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav ): The 15 to 33 species are native only in the New World. Some species are neophytes in the other continents.
  • Guardiola Cerv. ex Bonpl. The about ten species are all native to Mexico, a type also occurs in Arizona.
  • Guizotia Cass. :: The six species are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Ichthyothere Mart.
  • Jaegeria Kunth
  • Lecocarpus Decne.
  • Melampodium L.
  • Micractis DC.
  • Milleria L.: The only two species are distributed from Mexico to Central America to northern South America.
  • Oteiza La Llave
  • Rumfordia DC.
  • Sabazia Cass.
  • Schistocarpha Less.
  • Selloa Kunth
  • Sigesbeckia L.
  • Smallanthus Mack. The approximately 21 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Stachycephalum Sch.Bip. ex Benth.
  • Tamananthus V.M.Badillo
  • Tetragonotheca L.
  • Tridax L.
  • Trigonospermum Less.
  • Unxia L. f: The three species are distributed from Panama to the northern South America.
  • Tribus Neurolaeneae Rydb. ( Syn: subtribe Neurolaeninae ) ( Rydb. ) Steussy, Turner & Powell: It contains about five genera: Calea L.: The approximately 95 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Enydra Lour.
  • Greenmaniella W.M.Sharp.
  • Heptanthus Griseb.
  • Neurolaena R.Br.: The approximately nine species are found in Mexico, Central America and widespread in the Andes.
  • Tribus Perityleae BGBaldwin: It contains about seven genera: Amauria Benth.
  • Eutetras A.Gray
  • Galeana La Llave & Lex
  • Lycapsus Phil
  • Pericome A.Gray
  • Perityle Benth.
  • Villanova Lag
  • Tribus Polymnieae ( H.Rob. ) Panero ( Syn: subtribe Polymniinae ): it contains only one genus: Polymnia L.: The only four species are widespread in the central to eastern North America.
  • Tribus Tageteae Cass. Contains approximately 31 genera: Adenophyllum pers.
  • Arnicastrum Greenm.
  • Bajacalia Loockerman, B.L.Turner & R.K.Jansen
  • Boeberastrum ( A. Gray ) Rydb.
  • Boeberoides ( DC.) Strother
  • Chrysactinia A.Gray
  • Clappia A.Gray
  • Comaclinium Scheidw. & Planch.
  • Coulterella Vasey & Rose
  • Dysodiopsis ( A. Gray ) Rydb.
  • Dyssodia Cav.
  • Flaveria Juss.
  • Gymnolaena ( DC.) Rydb.
  • Haploësthes A.Gray
  • Harnackia Urb.
  • Hydropectis Rydb.
  • Jamesianthus S.F.Blake & Sherff
  • Jaumea pers.
  • Lescaillea Griseb.
  • Leucactinia Rydb.
  • Nicolletia A.Gray
  • Oxypappus Benth.
  • Pectis L.
  • Porophyllum Adans. The approximately 25 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Pseudoclappia Rydb.
  • Sartwellia A.Gray
  • Schizotrichia Benth.
  • Strotheria B.L.Turner
  • Called Tagetes, also Marigold, marigold (Tagetes L.)
  • Thymophylla Lag
  • Urbinella Greenm.
  • Varilla A.Gray
  • Neither tribe is associated with: Symphyllocarpus Maxim.

( Some genera, such as thistles are assigned for new phylogenetic insights of the subfamily Carduoideae. )

Swell

  • The Asteraceae family with their subfamilies in the APWebsite ( section systematics and description)
  • The breakdown of the family in different authors.
  • Overview of family and subfamily of the University of Hamburg. ( German )
Asterids Pappus (flower structure) Ovary (botany) Ambrosia dumosa Cosmos (plant) Agricultural Research Service Digital Object Identifier
85892
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