Carduoideae

Mountain Knapweed (Centaurea montana)

The Carduoideae form a subfamily of the daisy family (Asteraceae). Previously, the present conditions are genera to the subfamily Centaurioideae were counted and formed the tribe Cynareae ( Syn: Cardueae ). According to new phylogenetic insights but these form a distinct subfamily with two additional tribes.

In addition to some thistle species such as the thistles ( Cirsium ), and knapweed (Centaurea ) are ( to which the known cornflower belongs ) to be counted. Even the genre of burdock ( Arctium ) and known as a vegetable artichoke belong to the subfamily Carduoideae. Safflower, or Safflower called, found mainly in the Orient use as paint and oil plant and provides the familiar safflower oil.

They are found worldwide, but mainly in the northern hemisphere and especially in Eurasia and North Africa.

Description

There are usually annual to perennial herbaceous plants. Less commonly, are woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs or rarely trees.

In basket- shaped inflorescences sit the flowers. The Carduoideae are, in contrast to the other sub- families, only tubular flowers available. In some taxa the rand union tubular flowers are more or less zygomorphic and enlarged.

System

There are about ( 53 to ) 83 genera with about 2500 to 2800 species in this subfamily.

The systematics of this subfamily Carduoideae is represented very differently in different authors. For several years, the status of a subfamily is no longer maintained and presented with the Mutisioideae together ( radio et al. 2009).

The subfamily Carduoideae was divided into up to ten tribes. The latest work of JL Panero & Funk VA shows that only three and in addition include a fourth Tribus this:

• Tribus Cynareae Lam. & DC. ( Syn: Cardueae Cass. ): It is divided into five subtribe and includes about 72 genera with up to 2500 species and about 90 % of the species of the subfamily.

• Tribus Dicomeae Panero & VAFunk: It contains about seven genera: Cloiselia S.Moore: The four species occur in Madagascar.
• Dicoma Cass. Contains approximately 65 species in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar. Only one species also reaches to the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.
• Erythrocephalum Benth.
• Gladiopappus Humbert: it contains only one type: Gladiopappus vernonioides Humbert

• Brachylaena R.Br.: The 14 to 15 species are common to Madagascar and the African mainland.
• Tarchonanthus L.

• Oldenburgia Less: ., The only four species occur only in the Capensis. There are small shrubs or small trees.

Swell

• The Asteraceae family with their subfamilies in the APWebsite (English )
• The breakdown of the family in different authors.
• Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic classification for the Compositae subfamilial (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, online.
• Entry in the Tree of Life project.
• Santiago Ortiz: Oldenburgieae, a new tribe of the African Mutisieae sl (Asteraceae). In: Compositae newsletter. Volume 47, 2009, ISSN 0284-8422, pp. 1-3, PDF file.
• Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, Randall J. Bayer ( ed.): Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy ), Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1.