Education in Poland
The education system in Poland comprises the kindergartens ( przedszkole ), primary schools ( szkoła podstawowa ), middle schools ( gimnazjum ), secondary schools and universities. Among the secondary schools include the general education schools ( liceum ogólnokształcące ), vocational high schools ( liceum profilowane ), the secondary vocational schools ( pilot plant ) and the basic vocational schools ( zasadnicza szkoła zawodowa ). There are also other special schools. Minister of Education since 2011 Krystyna Szumilas. The organization of the education system is largely centralized.
- 2.1 universities
- 2.2 Other universities
- 2.3.2 doctor
- 3.1 Education
- 3.2 Higher Education
- 3.3 libraries
- 4.1 External links
- 4.2 footnotes
School system in Poland
The children start school in Poland with seven years. Following a decision of the Sejm of this age was lowered in 2012 to six.
The compulsory pre-school year ( zerówka ) is free for five hours for parents. Meals and other offers are subject to charges.
The school system had in 2010 on a three-stage horizontal structure. It is based on the six years of primary school ( szkoła podstawowa ) which is based on the three-year middle school ( gimnazjum ). By the end of middle school ends in principle compulsory education. After passing a final exam at the end of middle school ( 9th grade ) students to a high school (for aging ) at a high school ( liceum ) or pilot store or take vocational training.
The primary school, carriers, municipalities, divided into two cycles. The first three classes are conducted in the form of the integrated subject teaching ( classroom teacher principle), the other classes in the block instruction ( subject teacher principle). From the fifth grade is the first compulsory foreign language, usually English, taught. Completion of primary school is done with an exam which is to show the skill and knowledge of the students. A passing the test is not relevant dislocation, the non-promotion is not provided in the primary school.
The middle school ( gimnazjum ) is the second level of the school system and includes three classes, attendance is mandatory for all students. Even in middle school, the communities are the carriers. Completed it will give me a standardized external examination at the regional level. After high school the students have several options. The secondary schools are supported by the Powiats ( counties ).
Since 2002/2003 there are the following four types of secondary school:
- The general education lyceum ( liceum ogólnokształcące ) is the usual way to university entrance.
- The profiled lyceum ( liceum profilowane ) has been newly created and the students into 15 sections ( about mechatronics, computer science, economics) high school. Relatively few students use this type of school.
- The technical offers the possibility of vocational training with the possibility to store High School. The type of school is to be found in Poland for several decades. In the school year 2008/2009 included about 77 % of students from a high school diploma.
- Basic vocational school ( zasadnicza szkoła zawodowa ) offers a skilled worker training in two to three years. Vocational training is full-time school with professional practical elements.
All schools in the third stages are completed with a central examination that includes written and oral, and practical parts. The evaluation of the written tests carried out at central or regional level. The oral examinations are held within the school, the vocational school students have to solve centrally defined tasks.
The existence of the school leaving examination is a prerequisite for studying at a university.
After the 1999 Education Reform in Poland is compulsory until age 18.
Just like the American school system also sees the Polish no " vertical differentiation ", which is called differently gifted children are at no time in different types of schools - such as high school, junior high school or high school - divided, but visit the time allotted for their age grade together.
The public schools are free, school resources, such as books, but must be borne privately. The school year begins on 1 September and ends in the first half of June.
In addition to state, there are a growing number of private schools. This may generate a profit, and the running costs of the schools are sometimes up to 100 % supported by the Polish government.
Widely used in Poland is also the part-time education and training at the weekend.
In the PISA studies could improve Poland from 2000 to 2010 and the end position in the midfield. This, however, can not conceal the qualitative collapse of Polish education in the 1990s.
Grading scale
The school grades in Poland have a range of 6 to 1, where 6 is the the highest and 1 the lowest grade.
- 6 - celujący ( Excellent )
- 5 - bardzo dobry ( Very good)
- 4 - dobry (Good)
- 3 - dostateczny ( Average )
- 2 - dopuszczający ( Okay )
- 1 - niedostateczny ( Terrible )
The 6 is, however, very rarely awarded only in special cases, to excellent students who have knowledge about the subject matter also acquire and reproduce. This it is to encourage people to independently deepen the knowledge acquired through self-study in order to prepare them for university education. Therefore, the note is not directly comparable to a 1 in Germany.
Higher Education System in Poland
In Poland, studying nearly two million students. The universities are of instructions of the State with respect to their educational opportunities since 1990, largely independent. 2008 in Poland there were 130 public and 315 private universities. Furthermore, there were 78 institutions of the Polska Akademia Nauk ( Polish Academy of Sciences ) and about 200 independent research institutions.
The state universities have received since the 1990s increased competition from private universities.
Universities
In Poland there are a total of 18 universities and numerous technical universities, business schools, medical universities, agricultural and educational universities, a music university, a theological university as well as numerous universities equivalent institutions with doctoral degrees, such as academies and universities.
Other universities
- List of business schools in Poland
- List of sports high schools in Poland
- List of colleges of music in Poland
- Colleges for Fine Arts
- Military academies
- Teacher Training Colleges
- Licencjat (equivalent to Bachelor)
- Inżynier, inż. ( also equivalent to Bachelor, only in the engineering sciences )
- Magister, mgr; mgr inż. (equivalent to Master / University Diploma; exists as an undergraduate degree program, building on licencjat or inżynier )
- Lekarz Medycyny lek. med (corresponding to doctor; 6 1 years of study, state exam )
- Lekarz dentysta lek. dent. (corresponding to the dentist)
- Lekarz weterynarii lek. wet. (corresponding to the vet )
- Doctor
- Doctor habilitowany ( habilitation; , unlike in many countries of the Federal Republic of Germany, viewed as an academic degree. )
Magister
The Polish magister ( mgr abbreviation ) equivalent to the German Diploma, but not exactly the German Master with reference to the study structure, although the name is identical. For, as in German a specialty diploma or master's degree program is also in the Polish master's or master's degree usually prefers, the German Master's degree, however, several disciplines.
There are both undergraduate as well as financial statements of the baccalaureate level ( licencjat or inżynier in engineering ) builds graduate programs. The magister is awarded after a four - to five-year standard period of study, which is terminated with a magisterium mentioned thesis. In human medicine, the conclusion is replaced lekarz Medycyny the magister, in veterinary medicine is called, the corresponding degree lekarz weterynarii. In technical courses, the degree magister, the addition inżynier (engineering, abbreviated mgr inż. ) Supplements.
There is an equivalence agreements on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland. In Warsaw this Agreement was signed on 23 July 1997 and completed on the same day by two additional protocols. The agreement entered into force on 14 January 1998. For this intergovernmental agreement is evident, inter alia, that the Polish master's degree equivalent to the German Diplom awarded by universities. Polish magister inżynier to the German Diplom-Ingenieur at universities, technical colleges or polytechnics is analog equivalent.
Doctor
In Poland, a three-to five-year doctoral program is customary, but not mandatory. Viva voce and public defense are required. The doctorates are doctorates degree doctor, abbreviated dr ( lead before the name ) awarded. The doctoral degree contains an indication of the completed subject area, such as doctor nauk ekonomicznych ( dt: Doctor of Economics ).
Doctoral programs are available at universities, institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and research and development facilities. The right to award doctorates will be awarded individually to the facilities.
Tuition
The study at state universities in Poland is free of charge to full -time courses. Part-time part-time, weekend and distance learning courses and studying at private universities are chargeable.
History
Education
On 7 February 1919, compulsory education for children up to the age of 14 was introduced in the recently rebuilt Poland, which had not previously existed in the Russian part. This contributed to the fact that illiteracy was reduced - even in 1921 were a third of the population illiterate, with a clear east - west gradient was: Was there in the east of the country 65 % are illiterate, they were in the West 4%.
1929/1930 was the state's budget for education 422 million zloty. This represented about 14 percent of the total state budget. 1935 70.000 students were trained in vocational secondary schools, of which 12,400 in the metallurgy and mechanics and 1,700 in agricultural schools. 1936/37, 15,165 students received the high-school diploma. In the school year 1938/39, 4.9 million students attended one of the nearly 29,000 elementary schools and 234,000 students have been trained in 790 secondary schools.
During the German occupation of Poland 1939-1945 several hundred teachers were killed. 1945 14.985 primary schools had already opened back in 1947 there were 20,132. 1948 a new school system has been introduced. The children were cared for from the third to seventh year in kindergarten. It was followed by the siebenklassige elementary school. By the end of elementary school ended the compulsory education. After that, either a vocational education or the attendance of vierklassigen high school ( liceum ), or four or fünfklassigen Berufsoberschule ( pilot plant ) followed.
The expansion of primary schools continued in the following years. Here, emphasis was placed on the number of so-called seven-year primary schools. Their number was 1947/48 and 6591 grew to 1955/56 to 14,116. This taught in 1954/55 103,000 educators. The 792 high schools were visited Poland in 1954 by 195,000 students, of which 28,900 in 1954 left the school with a successful conclusion.
In 1990, the religious education was introduced by ministerial decree. In 1991, a new Education Act was passed which gave inter alia, the Marxist educational goals in favor of reform pedagogies. Furthermore, Russian was abandoned as the first compulsory foreign language and created an opportunity at all levels of the education system to allow private carriers.
In 1999, the, now eight-stage, abolished primary school. Since there is a mandatory pre-school class, a six elementary school and a three-level secondary school ( gimnazjum ).
2005 a compulsory pre-school year ( zerówka ) and a Central High School for the humanities has been introduced. Since 2009, a Central High School for Mathematics and Science. In the same year the Einschulalter with effect from the year 2012 has been reduced from seven to six years.
In the school year 2002/2003 for 62 percent of the students were English, 35 percent German, Russian ten percent and four percent of French compulsory subject.
In 2008, 4.1 percent of gross domestic product spent on education.
In early 2009, the Sejm decided that the Einschulalter of children is lowered from 2012 instead of seven to six years.
Higher Education
1936 studied 47,200 people. 1953 visited 135,000 students at Polish universities.
Libraries
In 1936, there were 14,957 libraries in Poland, in 1953 there were 42,800.