Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel

Emmy Klieneberger Nobel ( born February 25, 1892 in Frankfurt am Main, † 11 September 1985) was a German -British microbiologist Jewish descent. She appeared in 1922 at the Municipal University Hygienic Institute in Frankfurt and after they had been qualified as the first woman at the University of Frankfurt, from 1930 as a university lecturer. In 1933 she emigrated because of the persecution of the Jews during the time of National Socialism to London, where she worked until 1962 at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. It is regarded as the Mitentdeckerin significant as pathogens mycoplasma, which they published fundamental work to their morphology and growth.

Life

Emmy Klieneberger Nobel was born in 1892 as the youngest child of Jewish -born parents in Frankfurt am Main. The Jewish religion played in the lives of family, however, no significant role. Her parents, who were baptized their two daughters, were withdrawn from the Jewish community, aimed at assimilation into German society and described themselves as religiously free. The father, who worked as a wine merchant, had let also change its name from "Abraham" to " Adolf ". Emmy Klieneberger Nobel graduated after attending school in her hometown of there first and the teachers seminar, which she completed in 1911. Two years later, she also acquired in the Frankfurt School, and began in the same year a study of botany and zoology, mathematics and physics at the University of Göttingen. From 1914 she continued her studies at the newly founded University of Frankfurt, where she holds a PhD in Botany 1917. She then studied for a semester again mathematics in Göttingen and graduated after their return to Frankfurt in 1918, the state exam for teaching license in upper secondary schools. After a one-year clerkship at schools in Frankfurt, she was the educational exam in November 1919. She then worked for three years as a teacher of physics, chemistry, biology and arithmetic at a private girls' school in Dresden.

In 1922 they again went back to Frankfurt, where she got a job as a bacteriologist at the Municipal University Hygienic Institute under Max Neisser. In addition to her work in clinical routine analysis of the Institute, she devoted herself also research activities. In 1930 she was qualified as the first woman at the University of Frankfurt, then she worked there in addition to their activity in the hygiene institute as a lecturer. In September 1933, she was deprived of the right to teach because of her Jewish ancestry on the basis of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, a few days later, she emigrated to London, where she received in 1934 a position as a researcher at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. Her brother Carl Klieneberger, the chief physician and head of the department of internal medicine at the Municipal Hospital in Zittau was active until 1933, took due to the increasing anti-Semitic persecution shortly before withdrawing his license in September 1938, the life, as well as in 1941 and her mother and sister at the age of 93 or 60 years. Your brother Otto Klieneberger, who was senior physician at the University Psychiatric Clinic in Königsberg, they helped with the departure from Germany to Britain to South America, just as they supported some nephews and nieces in the emigration to England. In London she married on January 28, 1944 also -down as an emigrant to England pediatrician Edmund Nobel from Vienna, but already died at the age of 62 years two years later. They remained, interrupted by a brief stint at the University Hygienic Institute of the City of Zurich in 1947, until her retirement in 1962 at the Lister Institute, and died 1985.

Scientific work

Emmy Klieneberger Nobel published in the course of their career some 80 scientific publications in particular the morphology and morphogenesis of bacteria. Was one of their services, including the description of particular cell wall -less forms of some types of bacteria that occur under certain culture conditions and were referred to her as " L- Phase" or "L " shape. In addition, she wore during her career, much to the discovery of mycoplasmas in which they initially called " Pleuropneumonia -like Bodies", and published in 1962 under the title " Pleuropneumonia -like organisms ( PPLO ) Mycoplasmataceae " the first monograph on this genus of bacteria. Around the same time her retirement the importance of mycoplasmas has been recognized as pathogens in humans, animals and plants, reducing their previous seminal work on their morphology and growth increasingly gained relevance and has been its role as co-founder of Microbiology of the mycoplasmas generally recognized.

Awards

Emmy Klieneberger Nobel was appointed in 1967 on the occasion of her 75th birthday honorary member of the Robert Koch Institute and a corresponding member of the German Society for Bacteriology and Hygiene. Nine years later the appointment was followed by the first honorary life member of the newly formed International Organization for Mycoplasmology that gives beyond since 1980 the " Emmy Klieneberger Nobel Award" for outstanding research achievements to mycoplasma. In addition, she was awarded in 1980 for their outstanding life's work the Robert Koch Medal.

Works (selection)

• Pleuropneumonia -like organisms ( PPLO ) Mycoplasmataceae. London and New York 1962
• Focus on Bacteria. London 1965
• Pioneering achievements of medical microbiology. Memoirs. Stuttgart, 1977; English edition: Memoirs. London 1980 ( autobiography)