Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan

As o- yatoi gaikokujin (Japaneseお雇い外国人, "Contract foreigners" ) is called in Japanese foreign experts who were called in the second half of the 19th century into the country to accelerate the modernization of Japan.

The "Contract foreigners" should introduce new technologies and train Japanese specialists. Some were incidentally also worked as missionaries. More than half came from the Anglo- Saxon countries. A list from March 1872 called 214 people, including 119 British, 50 French, 16 Americans, 9 Chinese and only 8 people from Prussia. This tendency remains the same even after roughly. For the period 1868-1889 can be found in the documents of the government a total of 2690 people demonstrated, including 1,127 British, 414 Americans, 333 French, 250 Chinese, 215 German and 99 Dutch. They were highly valued and remunerated accordingly. In 1874 there were 520 contract foreigners whose salaries with 2.272 million yen devoured a third of the annual budget. According strong was the interest of the Japanese government at a rapid replacement by local experts.

With the end of extraterritoriality in 1899, this system was abolished. Some foreigners such as Lafcadio Hearn, Josiah Conder and Edwin Dun stayed in other employment on the land. Some "Contract foreigners" also contributed to the modernization of the neighboring Korea.

Known "Contract foreigners"

Human medicine and veterinary medicine

  • Erwin von Bälz, Internist
  • Benjamin Karl Leopold Müller, a military doctor
  • Theodor Eduard Hoffmann, a military doctor
  • Johannes Ludwig Janson, veterinarians
  • Ferdinand Adalbert Junker of Langegg, doctor
  • Julius Scriba, Surgeon
  • Wilhelm Dönitz, anatomist
  • Hans Gierke, anatomist
  • Heinrich Botho Scheube, Internist
  • Emil August Wilhelm Schultze, a military doctor
  • Ernst brick, physiologist
  • Joseph Disse, anatomist

Jurisprudence, management and economics

Military affairs

  • Jules Brunet, an artillery officer.
  • Léonce Verny, builder of the Yokosuka arsenal.
  • Karl Koeppen, Sergeant
  • Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel Major
  • Francis Brinkley, Military Science
  • Henry Walton Grinnell, naval officer

Natural Sciences and Mathematics

  • Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, physicists
  • Franz Hilgendorf, zoologist
  • Ludwig Döderlein, zoologist
  • Edward S. Morse, zoologist
  • Charles Otis Whitman, zoologist, successor of Morse
  • Heinrich Edmund Naumann, geologist
  • Curt Adolph net, metallurgist
  • James Alfred Ewing, physicist, engineer
  • Oskar Kellner, agricultural chemist, animal nutritionists
  • Oskar Korschelt, chemists
  • Oskar Loew, agricultural chemist
  • Erwin Knipping, Meteorologist
  • Karl Hefele, forestry agent
  • William P. Brooks, agricultural scientists
  • William Smith Clark, agricultural expert
  • Horace Capron, agricultural expert
  • Edwin Dun, agricultural expert
  • John Milne, geologist, seismologist

Engineering

  • Edmund Morel, engineering
  • Francis Henry Trevithick, railway engineer
  • Richard Francis Trevithick, railway engineer
  • Rudolf Lehmann, engineer
  • Johannis de Rijke, river engineer
  • Gottfried Wagener, chemist, technologist
  • Henry Dyer, engineering
  • George Arnold Escher, engineering
  • John Alexander Low Waddell, engineer, bridge builder
  • Charles Dickinson West, engineer, shipbuilder
  • Thomas James Waters, engineer, architect
  • William Boeckmann, Architect
  • Josiah Conder, Architect
  • William Edward Ayrton, physicist, electrical engineer

Art and Music

Humanities and Education

  • Raphael of Koeber, philosopher
  • Ernest Fenollosa, philosopher, scientist East Asia
  • Basil Hall Chamberlain, linguists, Japanese studies
  • Lafcadio Hearn, language teachers, writers
  • Viktor Holtz, educator
  • Karl Florence, linguists, Japanese studies
  • Emil Hausknecht, educator, Anglist
  • Rudolf Lange, Lecturer in German, Latin and geography, Japanese studies

Missionaries

  • William Griffis, missionary, writer
  • Guido Verbeck, missionary, teacher
  • Horace Wilson, missionary, teacher

Other

  • Thomas Alexander
Josiah Conder (architect) Hans Paul Bernhard Gierke Yokosuka, Kanagawa Franz Martin Hilgendorf Curt Netto William S. Clark Raphael von Koeber
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