Friedrich Fröbel

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (* April 21, 1782 in Oberweißenbach, † June 21, 1852 in Marienthal ) was a German educator and student of Pestalozzi. Its particular merit is the importance of early childhood not only recognized, but by creating a system of songs, activities and "play gifts," the realization of this knowledge driven to have. He is the founder of the " kindergarten ". This differed from the then existing " child -care institutions " by the educational conception. This was associated with the expansion of the range of duties of care to the triad of education, education and care.

Life

Overview

1840 Froebel founded the first German "Kindergarten " in Bad Blankenburg, together with Middendorf and Langethal. They were his most loyal employees than it was to implement his ideas in education Keilhau near Rudolstadt in practice. He led the " free labor " in the pedagogy one. The products developed by him play and learning materials are still recognized.

The center of his education he presented the game as a typical child's life and its educational value. The game developed by him gifts and employment resources developed on the basis of his game theory. With his mother and Koseliedern Froebel intended to introduce the young child into the world of adults.

Family, education and vocational

Froebel was the sixth child of the old - evangelical pastor Johann Jacob Froebel and his wife Eleonore Jacobine Friederike, nee Hoffman. His mother died the following year. The early loss, a strong sense of Froebel, has shaped him, as he was also the second wife of his father's had problems. From 1792 he lived in Stadtilm with the brother of his deceased mother, Superintendent Hoffmann, who recognized the child's situation. He attended elementary school here.

Froebel graduated from 1797 to 1799 an agricultural and forester training at Hirschberg ( Saale). From 1799 he studied natural sciences at Jena. From 1802 to 1803 he was a forestry office actuary ( surveyor ) in demand for construction and Bamberg. From 1804 to 1805 he served as private secretary to Good Great Miltzow.

As an educator, he began in 1805 at the Pestalozzi- model school in Frankfurt am Main, where she learned the ideas of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi know. From 1806 to 1811 Froebel was tutor to the three sons of the noble family von Holzhausen in Frankfurt and he concluded a friendship with Bertha von Holzhausen. He lived with the three children from 1808 to 1810 in Pestalozzi's institute in Iferten in Switzerland. At the end of the stay Froebel was disappointed with disputes between teachers of the Institute and on Pestalozzi's comments with regard to this condition. He also developed further Pestalozzi's elementary method and discovered the importance of early childhood in human development.

In 1811 he continued his studies of languages ​​, physics and chemistry at Göttingen and mineralogy in Berlin without finalizing with a certificate. Froebel was a teacher at the Plamann School in Berlin, which was an educational and patriotic center at that time. The studies he had to stop the outbreak of the wars of liberation against Napoleon in March 1813.

The Lützow Free Corps, he participated in the Battle of Great Görschen and the Battle of Lützen in part in May 1813. During his service in the Freikorps closed Froebel friendship with Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal.

1814, after returning, Froebel was an assistant at the Institute and Museum of Mineralogy in Berlin with Prof. White. He gave this place again and founded in 1816 in Griesheim near Arnstadt in Thuringia, the " German General Education Institute " (the predecessor of Landerziehungsheime ). In 1817 he moved this to Keilhau at Rudolstadt. In 1831 it was continued by the other cofounders Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal.

In 1817 he moved to Keilhau and built with Langethal, Middendorf and Henriette Wilhelmine Hoffmeister reformatory on. On September 11, 1818, he married in Berlin Wilhelmine Hoffmeister (* 1780), the marriage remained childless. As a publisher of journals and writings by various names he spread his views. 1820 appeared the first Keilhau promotional material to our German people, and 1823 four more Keilhau promotional literature.

Main work

In 1826 he made ​​his literary masterpiece out People Education and founded the weekly journal The parent families. He followed 1828/1829 a plan for a public education school in Helba ( today a district of Meiningen ) called Helba plan, which he, however, did not materialize. In 1829 John took Barop the management of the school in Keilhau.

From 1831 to 1836 Froebel lived in Switzerland again. He founded in 1831 in New Castle Wartensee church in the Canton of Lucerne an educational institution. In 1833, he moved this to Willisau, and he led 1835/36 the orphanage in Burgdorf in the canton of Bern. There he published the magazine Broad human education. 1836 appeared his work renewal of life requires the new year 1836.

In 1837 he returned to Thuringia back, devoted himself almost exclusively to the education of children, preschool and began the manufacture of gaming material in Blankenburg. There, founded the educator in 1837 a " care, play and Employment Institution " for toddlers. Children should be here by plan fully grouped movement and mind games, sayings, songs are excited at constant contact with nature according to their age on all sides and guided. From 1838 to 1840 he gave the magazine a Sunday paper for like-minded out.

1838/39 were made lecture tours to Göttingen, Frankfurt, Dresden and Leipzig. 1839 his wife died. On June 28, 1840 was the inaugural meeting of the "General German kindergarten " held in Blankenburg Town Hall.

1842 started kindergarten teachers courses in Blankenburg. Ida soul was one of his first students, who subsequently campaigned for the idea of the kindergarten. Other writings and lecture tours in particular to the popularization of kindergarten followed in between 1843 and 1849.

1844 Froebel published after years of preparation and in collaboration with the artist and the musician carbon Unger his last major, educational work of art, the mother and Koselieder. He wanted to mothers the importance and responsibility that lie in motherhood and education, and at the same time illustrate holistic tools that will help give them the infant and Vorkindergartenerziehung. It also appeared 100 songs to play with the ball Froebel lived since 1845 back in Keilhau and traveled widely to spread his ideas.

On January 12, 1847 Westphalian first kindergarten in Lünen was opened on the lip.

Froebel moved in 1849 to for love stone, but moved in 1850 to the Marienthal castle. He founded the first school for the training of kindergarten teachers and issued an agreement sheet for all the friends of human education. In the Old Stone a game festival took place on August 4.

On 9 June 1851, he married his former pupil Louise Levin.

Froebel's idea of the kindergarten found appeal; but the spread in Germany was hampered by the fact that the Prussian Ministry of Culture 1851, the kindergartens " atheistic and demagogic " banned because of their "destructive tendencies in the field of religion and politics " than in 1860 and readmitted.

On August 23, 1851 Kindergarten ban in Prussia and in other states was adopted. The reason was apparently a mix-up with his nephew Karl Froebel, who in 1851 published the font Female Colleges and Kindergartens. Karl August Varnhagen von Ense Quote: " The stupid Minister of Raumer has issued an order against the kindergartens, appealing to a book by Karl Froebel. He confuses Friedrich and Karl Froebel. " Friedrich Froebel resist. The end of September there was a teachers meeting in Bad Love Stone. On 3 June 1852 he even took part in the German general staff meeting in Gotha.

He eventually died on June 21, 1852 in Marienthal. His grave is located on the Schweinaer cemetery.

Appreciation

Froebel's work was continued by his students and enjoys worldwide, especially in Austria, Japan, USA, Korea and Russia a great reputation and is represented diverse. Popular today are, for example, still developed by him basic pedagogical forms. The three -dimensional shapes spheres, cylinders and cubes are still popular shapes for toddlers toys; originally made ​​of wood and now made ​​of plastic. Also Froebel kindergartens are still widespread. The main tasks they see the exciting promotion of the game by the adults as well as its support to the efforts of the children to experience the world and to comprehend.

In addition to his services rendered to the Early Childhood Education Froebel is to be considered as

• " School man ": he founded in 1816 with the German General Education Institute in Griesheim near Stadtilm, from June 1817 in Keilhau a school that continues today at the same place in the sense Fröbel'scher pedagogy.
• Publicist: Starting created in the Keilhau years and he published his pedagogical thought and idea building.
• Vocational trainer: he founded in Marienthal castle in 1850 the first school for nannies and thereby created a new profession and one of the first vocational training facilities for women in Germany.
• In addition, Froebel is seen with his game system approvals in international discussions as an inspirer of the art and architecture of modernity.

Froebel student Margarethe Schurz founded in 1856 in Watertown, Wisconsin, the first kindergarten in the United States. She inspired Elizabeth P. Peabody, which opened in Boston in 1860 the first English-speaking kindergarten and thereby spread the kindergarten idea in the U.S.. The German emigrants, journalist and educator Adolph Douai founded in 1859 a kindergarten in Boston ( Massachusetts), which he, however, after a year had to close again. In 1866 he founded another in New York City.

The pedagogue August Köhler was the initiator and co-founder in 1863 of the "German Froebel Association" first for Thuringia, from 1872, the " General Froebel club " and a year later, in 1873, which emerged " German Froebel Association ". August Köhler critically analyzed and evaluated the Froebel theory, took basic thoughts in his kindergarten teachers and extended these developed an independent " Köhler Kindergarten Pedagogy ". It formed in 1857 in Gotha for the first time from kindergarten teachers. Previously, he wanted to address exclusively male educators; However, it reported too few.

Thekla Naveau founded in October 1853 the first kindergarten in Sondershausen and on April 1, 1867 the first kindergarten after the lifting of the ban in Nordhausen.

Angelika Hartmann founded in 1864 the first kindergarten after Froebel in Köthen, Anhalt.

Important names in high society circles campaigned for the nursery and its pedagogy, such as Bertha von Bülow Marenholtz or Lina Morgenstern on which they were complicit in the lifting of the ban kindergarten. Cosima von Bülow, the future wife of Richard Wagner, praised the kindergarten as the first important place of music teaching. Named stated:

" Thus Froebel, after he listened with touching care and loving attention to the inarticulate sounds of the child, and after realizing that these loud sounds and the first babble was a rhythm, concluded that, just as the flower unfolds on sunlight, the soul of the young creature must evolve at the sound of music. This he gave evidence that he recognized the ethical mission of harmony, and felt that this must be fulfilled even in those whose later life the music would not be ordained as a profession and special study. He has made the music an integral part of his first education, - convinced that the song as a respite from the work the character of the children soothes, is the true sop of young souls, and the consolidation of the tape, which the nursery among them wraps. The brutality in intercourse, just like the roughness of the voice disappear simultaneously with application of the rule of morality and health, and well you can say that the song, he is by the first companion of the children in the garden, in fact, her guardian angel will. "

1908 and 1911, the training of kindergarten teachers through state legislation was recognized in Germany.

Meanwhile, in Germany there are many kindergartens, which are named after Froebel and continue his education. Often these kindergartens originated from parent associations or other private persons. The largest Froebel Club, the Froebel eV, operates on the Froebel Group today Germany more than 100 kindergartens, nurseries and care facilities for education.

Generally, you will find a variety of initiatives that deal with the scientific as well as practical reception of the Froebel Education.

Various Froebel schools bear his name.

The New Thuringian Froebel Association eV ( NSFA ) sees as one of its objectives the protection of ideas Froebel before market-based collection. He runs a school museum and the Froebel Archive Keilhau and is involved in Froebel institutions around the world (USA, England, Japan). On Matthias Brodbeck and NSFA creating a Froebel diploma goes back that is currently on the Froebel Academy International ( FAI) awarded in Nordhausen.

About national boundaries, there is also the International Froebel Society, which forms sub-groups in various countries, including Germany. Its chairman, Kevin Brehony, holds the only Froebel professorship at the University of Roehampton world. The aspirations for the Study of Froebel education in theory and practice can be especially in the biennial end Froebel Conference held in 2010 in Jena, recognize. Currently, the scientific study of Froebel education is far from over.

International Game shares the Fröbel'sche system is also a source of inspiration of the modern ( abstract ) Art and architecture - discussed - in particular the Bauhaus movement. Evidence are, inter alia, the tape records of Frank Lloyd Wright, publications such as The kindergarten of abstraction by Brigitte Werneburg, or Norman Brostermans book Inventing Kindergarten, but also the fact that the founder of the Bauhaus movement, Walter Gropius had designed in 1924 for Bad Love a stone Friedrich Froebel House.

From Froebel's name, the verb is derived fröbelen in Dutch. Fröbelen (also freubelen ) means to be free busy creative.

As Fröbelstern an elaborately folded paper star is called. Paper is here ( unlike the Origami ) cut beforehand and then processed.

In Vienna 1160 ( Ottakring ) an alley was in 1883 named after Froebel who is named as such.

Several streets were named after him.

Works

• At our German people. Zweyte display of a bey for the purpose of general educational establishment in Rudolstadt in Thuringia Keilhau be formed clubs. Müller, Erfurt 1820.
• Radical German character exhaustive enough education is the basic necessity and source of the German people. In individual sets developed and presented especially the thinker of our people for testing. Display of a clubs that have formed for the purpose of general educational establishment in Keilhau near Rudolstadt in Thuringia. Müller, Erfurt 1821.
• So far the same has especially developed and designed in terms of the scope and treatment of the teaching objects far principles, purpose and inner life of the general German educational institution in Keilhau bey Rudolstadt. Froebel, Rudolstadt 1821.
• The general German educational institution concerning Keilhau bey Rudolstadt. Rudolstadt Froebel, 1822.
• About German education at all, and on the general German education institution in Keilhau particular. Privileged Hofbuchhandlung, Rudolstadt 1822.
• Continued news of the general German educational institution in Keilhau. Privileged Hofbuchhandlung inter alia, Rudolstadt 1823.
• The human education. The educational, instructional and teaching art, aimed in the general German educational institution to Keilhau. Volume 1: Until begun boyhood. Publishing House of the German General Education Institute, Keilhau in 1826.
• The parent families. Weekly for self-education and the education of others. Keilhau / Leipzig 1826, ZDB - ID 275908-1.
• Mother and Koselieder. Institution for the care of the employment instinct of childhood and youth, Blankenburg 1844.