Friulian language

Spoken in

Indo-European languages Italic languages Romance Languages Romansh language (?) Furlanische language

The Furlanische or Friulian Friulian or ( Friulian: furlan, Italian: Friulano ) is a Romance language. Friulian is spoken in the Italian Friuli of about 600,000 people and is recognized as having regional official and school language. It is partly used as a literary language.

According to some researchers, the Furlanische forms with the ( Dolomites ) Ladin and Romansh Romansh, the group of languages. However, this theory is still very controversial (see Questione Ladina ).

Almost all speakers of Furlanischen also master the Italian language.

Also living in the area of Gorizia Slovenes and the members of the small German-speaking minority in Friuli Friulian use mostly as a second or third language in addition to Slovene or German and Italian.

2.1 Italy
2.2 Worldwide

3.1 Famous Writers

4.1 vowels
4.2 consonants

5.1 morphology 5.1.1 Article
5.1.2 noun 5.1.2.1 Feminine
5.1.2.2 Masculine

5.1.4.1 exceptions

7.1 place names

8.1 varieties of Friulian
8.2 Type Systems

9.1 The Lord's Prayer in Friulian

History

The origins of the Friulian are extremely unclear. A point of debate is the influence of the spoken Latin to Aquileia; from some quarters is claimed that several characteristics were taken into Friulian later. However, the inscriptions found in the area indicate only on deviations from standard Latin, most of which are in the rest of the Roman Empire were also common. The indigenous people of Friuli were immigrated to northern Italy Celtic Karnier, therefore in the region until the arrival of the Romans in 181 BC, a variety of Celtic was the most widespread. However, the proportion of the Celtic substrate in the modern Friulian vocabulary is small; only the place names can often recognize Celtic origin (eg place names " acco " or " icco "). The influence of the Lombard is also very low, which it can be concluded that the Friulian developed around the year 1000, around the same time as other dialects, which seceded from the standard Latin (see Vulgar Latin ). The first written records of the Friuli can be found in administrative records of the 13th century. These records appear in the following century, however, still occur frequently, as well as first literary testimonies occur ( eg the " Frammenti Letterari " ) in appearance.

Medieval Language Structure

Particularly noteworthy here is the existence of a Zweikasusflexion as well as in Old French and Altokzitanischen. While the other altromanischen languages have completely eliminated the nominal inflection (except for the Romanian ), the Altfriaulische received a Zweikasusflexion. This was a case for the nominative and another for all other case. This opposition resulted in the following:

In Old French, the opposition saw vs. rectus. Oblique analogy from: murs / mur " the Wall " / " the walls " ( nominative ), mur / murs " the Wall " / " the walls" ( dative ). The Friulian of the 14th century is similar in vocabulary still strong Latin and in texts such as the Quaderno di Foncasio because Gemona ( 1336-37 ) strongly Latinized. Here is How to find forms such as ego for neufriaulisch jo (Eng. " I " ), filius for neufriaulisch fi ( dt "son" ), or for neufriaulisch di (Eng. " day "). The transformation a → e is also not yet been completed, so there are some forms like glesia, chasa glesie for neufriaulisch, Cjase ( " Church " / " house" ). The article is often in the plural lu and li, where are the standard il or i today. The so typical of the Friuli fusion of article and preposition to article prepositions is not yet completed. To be found in the Registro dei about Pelliciai di Udine ( 1400-1430 written ) forms as in lo and lu instead neufriaulisch Intal ( " where ", " in " ), etc. The written records but already emphasize the existence of the Friulian typical palatalization of / k / before / a /: altfriaulisch la chasa for neufriaulisch la Cjase ( "the house "). A similar palatalization is otherwise also in French.

Example of a altfriaulischen text ( Quaderno di Cividale Odorlico since 1360 approx, card 10r, reprinted in Vicario (2005: 104) )

La questione ladina

The famous linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli represented in 1871 the idea of a unity between Ladin, Romansh and Friulian. According to this theory belong to those three languages of the same family, which extended in the past from Switzerland to Muggia up to Istria. Today, these three languages can only recognize each other as isolated islands. The linguist Francescato claimed, moreover, that the Venetian until the 14th century, many phonetic features with the Friulian and Ladin had in common. The most today held view is that the above mentioned languages , while originally belonged to the same family, but already diverged many centuries ago. There are also many features which were regarded as typical of Ascoli Romansh, also in northern Italian varieties.

Dissemination

Italy

Friulian is spoken today mainly in the provinces of Pordenone, Udine and in the Carnic Alps. Widely used, it is also in the province of Gorizia and east of the Veneto region. In the past, Friulian, however, was even more widespread, as it was spoken in Trieste and Muggia.

Worldwide

Until the 1960s, Friuli was an area that was marked by high levels of poverty, which is why many inhabitants emigrated to France, Belgium and Switzerland. Non-European emigration destinations were Canada, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the USA and South Africa. There are also communities of Friulian emigrants ( " FOGOLAR furlan " ) who wish to maintain their traditions and especially the Friulian language.

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