Garry Kasparov

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Garry United Civil Front Garry Kasparov (Russian Гарри Кимович Каспаров, scientific transliteration Garry Kimovič Kasparov, English transcription Garry Kasparov, rare Gary Kasparov, born April 13, 1963 as Garik Weinstein in Baku ) is a Croatian- Russian former world chess champion, author and founder of Russia's extra-parliamentary opposition movement " Solidarnost " as well as chairman of the United civil Front.

Kasparov was from 1985 to 1993 official World Champion of the World Chess Federation FIDE. After he had separated in 1993 by this organization in the dispute, he remained until 2000, recognized by the majority of the world chess carrier of this title. On 10 March 2005 ended Kasparov, continues to lead the world rankings standing, officially his professional chess career. He is considered one of the strongest players in chess history.

Since the withdrawal of Chess Kasparov has worked as a Russian opposition activist. He founded, among others, the opposition coalition " The Other Russia ", which was approved on the grounds that if it were not a party, not to the Russian parliamentary and presidential elections in 2007 /2008. On 13 December 2008 he founded, together with Boris Nemtsov, a new opposition movement.

• 2.1 skill level
• 2.2 Playing Style
• 2.3 Opening Preparation
• 2.4 Contributions to chess literature
• 2.5 Examples game
• 2.6 List of tournament results (without rapid and blitz chess )

• 5.1 democratization
• 5.2 Activities in Russia
• 5.3 Establishment of the Solidarity
• 5.4 Awards
• 5.5 The Blueprint

• 8.1 works
• 8.2 Other Publications
• 8.3 secondary literature

Chess career

Childhood and youth

Kasparov was born on 13 April 1963 as Garik Weinstein in Baku. His mother Klara Schagenowna Kasparjan was Armenian and native of Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian -populated enclave in Azerbaijan. She was a music teacher. His Jewish father Kim Moissejewitsch Weinstein, who played violin, was the brother of Azerbaijani composer Leonid Weinstein. Both parents possessed a college education, leaving her son at an early stage an atmosphere of intellect and education enjoy.

As a five year old learned Garik whose native language is Russian, from his father the rules of chess. In Kasparov's own words: "I had never played chess, but I watched intently as she struggled to [ ... ] and finally gave up, resigned. The next morning I showed them the leading solution for the train. " From the age of seven was Garik Weinstein at the Palace of Young Pioneers in Baku regularly chess lessons.

1971, his father died at the age of 39 years with malignant lymphoma. As Garik was twelve years old, his mother changed his name from Weinstein to Kasparov, the Russified version of Kasparjan (Armenian Գասպարյան ).

With ten years he came to the chess school of three-time world chess champion Mikhail Botvinnik. This was Kasparov's chess mentor and role model at the same time, coaches and critics. At 15, Gary took over in the chess school has a kind of assistant function and got this award a certificate of honor of the President of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR. 1976 and 1977 he was junior champion of the USSR.

1979, Kasparov received the title of International Master. In 1980 the then 17 -year-old received the title of Grand Master conferred, in the same year he won superior in Dortmund, the World Youth Championship. The influential Azerbaijani politician Heydər Əliyev promoted Kasparov from 1979.

The road to World Cup

The Russian Anatoly Karpov was the 1975 American Bobby Fischer replaced as the world chess champion. The Soviet Chess Federation anticipated that the remaining Soviet chess grandmaster Karpov support in his future world championship fights, but do not fight him. The opposed the young Garry Kasparov. He refused to provide his analysis chess Anatoly Karpov for the world championship match in 1981 against Viktor Korchnoi available. In order to prevent Kasparov in the next World Cup cycle on the challenge of World Champion Karpov, he was denied in 1983 because of alleged safety concerns to leave the match in the Candidates Tournament against Viktor Korchnoi. So Kasparov was eliminated from the candidates tournament to challenge the world champion. But Korchnoi did not want to come without a fight and therefore proposed a new compatible paced match against Kasparov. This match came about and was won by Kasparov convincingly. The way was clear for the world championship matches against Anatoly Karpov.

World championship matches

FIDE World Championships

Kasparov qualified candidates in the fighting in 1983/84 in convincing style as a challenger of the World Champion. In the quarterfinals, he beat in Moscow Alexander Beliavsky 6-3, in the semifinals in London Viktor Korchnoi 7-4 and in the final in Vilnius former world champion Vasily Smyslov with 8,5:4,5. Kasparov's match against Anatoly Karpov for the World Chess Championship 1984 began on September 10, 1984 in Moscow. It was played by the mode that was common since the 1978 World Cup: World Champion should be, who had first won six games, drawn games not included. After Karpov had gone 4-0 with wins in leadership, Kasparov changed his race tactics. Instead of continuing impetuous and unsuccessful attack, he played for a draw and wanted as long as possible to withstand. Karpov managed after a long series draw the fifth win, but then the symptoms of exhaustion made ​​the world champion noticeable. He built both physically and mentally more and more from, lost 11 kg weight and had to be hospitalized several times while Kasparov remained fit.

Kasparov, reducing the deficit within a few games to 3:5 before the match was canceled on 15 February 1985 following 48 games inconclusive with over 300 hours of play. The demolition was carried out up to now unexplained circumstances by the then FIDE President Florencio Campomanes, who officially with " consideration for the health of both players ' justified him. In his autobiography, Political game from 1987 Kasparov Campomanes accused his rival Karpov and the chess leaders of the USSR of the conspiracy against him. At the same time he admitted that his chances had increased significantly on the title by the inconclusive termination. The FIDE scheduled for October 1985 in Moscow again a repeat of the competition, modified mode. The number was limited to 24 games, winning should be, who scored the first 12.5 points, mitzählten drawn games. A result of 12:12 would be considered the title of the world champion defense. In this second world title fight in 1985 Kasparov won with 13:11. He was born on 9 November 1985, the 13th and youngest with 22 years of world champion in chess history.

Garry Kasparov defended his world title in three other encounters with Karpov: 1986 arrived in London ( the first 12 games) and Leningrad (last 12 games ) to a revenge match after the FIDE had surprisingly introduced in 1963 abolished revenge privilege of the World Champion again. Kasparov defended his title with 12,5:11,5. 1987 played the two rivals its competition in Seville: With a victory in the 24th game of Kasparov managed a 12:12 and by the tie, the title defense. 1990 Karpov was again qualified on the candidates fighting. The half each in New York City and Lyon discharged competition Kasparov won with 12,5:11,5.

PCA world championships

In 1993 there were disputes between Kasparov and FIDE World Chess Organization, which deprived him of the World title then. Kasparov founded subsequently with the qualified as a challenger Grandmaster Nigel Short the new association Professional Chess Association ( PCA) and won the PCA World Chess Championship 1993 in London against Nigel Short ( 6 wins, 1 loss, 13 draws ) and 1995 in New York City against Viswanathan Anand ( 4 wins, 1 loss, 13 draws).

Brain Games as a " successor " of the PCA

The PCA dissolved after the alignment of the Chess World Cup 1995 back on. Five years have revealed neither an organization nor a sponsor who wanted to host a World Cup with Kasparov. In 2000, the company Brain Games Kasparov sponsored last world championship match. To the surprise of the World Chess Kasparov lost this against Vladimir Kramnik ( 2 losses, 13 draws). Nevertheless, he dominated until his retirement in 2005 continues many tournaments.

The Prague Agreement of 2002

As part of efforts to unite the two competing world title again, Kasparov, Kramnik and representatives of FIDE met in May 2002 in Prague and agreed on a merger plan, which provided that Kasparov with the winner of the FIDE World Cup 2002/2003 in Moscow - Ruslan Ponomariov was this - should deny a contest whose winner on the winner of Kramnik world Championship fight with the winner of the Brain Games candidates' tournament - should play - this was Péter Lékó. However, this competition did not materialize.

Competitions against chess programs

Kasparov has appeared often in competition with tournament reflection against chess programs. In the 1980s, he claimed that he would never be defeated by a chess program. In 1989, he played against the built IBM computer Deep Thought two games, he won both. 1996 defeated Kasparov 's successor Deep Blue in a match over six games 4-2, but lost to the first competetive game the first world chess champion ever under tournament conditions against a chess program. The following year, Kasparov defeated Deep Blue in the rematch with 2,5:3,5. Kasparov was considering the possibility that unauthorized human intervention could have occurred. The accusation was partly based on the fact that IBM at the time gave him no insight into the computer logs. However, these were later published.

In 2003, Kasparov played two tournaments with tournament reflection against PC chess programs. The match against Deep Junior over six games went from 3:3, the encounter with Deep Fritz over four games ended 2:2.

Kasparov vs The World

A similar media seminal event was a game " Kasparov versus the World", which was held in 1999 via the web portal MSN and in which both sides had 24 hours time for each of their trains. A team of four young chess talents Étienne Bacrot, Florin Felecan, Irina Krush and Elisabeth Pähtz and Grandmaster Daniel King analyzed and commented on the respective current position and made Zugvorschläge. Anyone could vote on the next train to the World Team in the Internet, where the train with the most votes was executed. The hard -fought game ended after four months in the 62 train with the victory of Kasparov.

Kasparov's retirement from chess

In November 2004, Kasparov won the Russian national championship. A planned for 2003 match against the former world champion Ruslan Ponomariov FIDE came into being as little as one scheduled for 2005 competition at the next FIDE world champion Rustam Kasimjanov. Kasparov made ​​for these circumstances alone FIDE responsible and explained after the Tournament of Linares on 10 March 2005 his retirement from professional chess. He explained that it harder and harder fall with him almost 42 years to play through a tournament without error and that he felt no longer to belong. At this time, Kasparov led the world rankings with an Elo of 2812 points.

In May 2010, confirmed Kasparov, not to regret his retreat.

Later games, a trainer and chess politics

Although Kasparov had retired from tournament chess to devote himself to politics in Russia, he gave some more audience- conceptions, such as 2009, a simultaneous exhibition with seven other chess and FIDE World Champions in the 200 - year anniversary tournament of the Zurich Chess Club, where he took 23 of 25 points.

On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the World Chess Championship 1984/85 Kasparov played in September 2009 in Valencia, a quick and blitz chess match against Anatoly Karpov. In the rapid chess, Kasparov won 3-1 ( 3 -1), in blitz chess with 6:2 ( 5 = 2 -1). In the press conference before the match, he commented on the existing over many years rivalry with Karpov. Both would, despite all the differences in professional sense always appreciated. Your personal relationship had improved in 2007, when Kasparov was detained in Russia and Karpov visited him in prison.

Since February 2009, Kasparov worked with the young Norwegian grandmaster Magnus Carlsen to help him on his way to the top of the world rankings. It came in the course of several training sessions in Moscow, Oslo, Croatia and Morocco. In addition, Carlsen Kasparov advised on the tournament preparation and granted him access to its opening database. To cover the cost of the training, Carlsen stood sponsor funds in the amount of NOK 4 million available. 2011 Kasparov worked for a short time with Hikaru Nakamura together. Kasparov in 2009 the title of FIDE Senior Trainer was awarded.

2010, Kasparov supported his former rival Anatoly Karpov in his ultimately unsuccessful candidacy for the post of FIDE President. In June 2011, he called the Kasparov Chess Foundation Europe, based in Brussels to life. The organization aims to promote the school chess in Europe.

In October 2013, Kasparov announced in 2014 to run for the presidency of FIDE.

Contribution to the development of chess

Playing strength

Kasparov's skill level is outstanding in the history of chess. Kasparov reached 1999 Elo rating of 2851 was exceeded only in December 2012 by Magnus Carlsen, although the values ​​progressively increased in the world rankings. Also in rankings retroactively calculated historical Elo ratings Kasparov was mostly in the first place, sometimes in second behind Bobby Fischer, the world champion from 1972 to 1975.

Game style

Kasparov's chess style is dynamic and aggressive - in this he resembles his chess model Alexander Alekhine, the world champion from 1927 to 1935 and from 1937 to 1946 due to its aggressive chess style and his impetuous temperament Kasparov was in the chess world, among others, as the "beast of Baku ". referred to.

Also, for his excellent preparation for duels Kasparov was known - here he resembled his second model Mikhail Botvinnik, the world champion from 1948 to 1957, 1958 to 1960 Between 1961 until 1963.

Opening preparation

Kasparov's knowledge of the opening theory towered over comparable knowledge of all other contemporary grandmaster and former World Champion. This he achieved in his games more often than average after the opening advantageous positions. He was, among others, as the world's best expert on the Najdorf Variation in the Sicilian Defence.

An example of Kasparov's opening preparation is developed by himself Kasparov Gambit, which he won an important victory in the world championship match against Anatoly Karpov earned in 1985. In his world championship matches against Karpov developed in several openings, including the Grünfeld Indian Defence, over many games lasting theoretical dispute, which contributed much to the development of variants. In addition, Kasparov turned but occasionally less popular openings in order to surprise his opponents. He defeated Viswanathan Anand in 1995 with the almost forgotten Evans Gambit in just 25 moves. In the world championship match against Vladimir Kramnik in 2000, but he failed to find a promising variant against the Berlin Defence of the Ruy Lopez, which proved to be decisive for his defeat.

In his last tournament, in Linares in 2005, he played with the black pieces against Rustam Kasimjanov in Merano system of the Slav Defence 1 d2 -d4 d7 -d5 2 c4 c2 - c7 - c6 3 Nb1 - c3 - f6 Ng8 4 e2- e3 e7 - e6 5 Sg1 -f3 d7 - Sb8 6 Lf1 -d3 b7 - b5 d5xc4 7 Ld3xc4 by the known features 8 Bc4 -d3 Bc8 - b7 a7 - a6 9 0-0 10 e3 -e4 c6 c5 11 d4 -d5 Qd8 c7 - 12 d5xe6 f7xe6 13 Bd3 -c2 - c4 c5 14 Nf3 -d4 Nd7 - c5 15 Lc1 -e3 e6 - e5 16 Nd4 -f3 Bf8 - e7 17 Nf3 - g5 train the new 17 ... 0-0! , he had prepared together with his second Juri Dochojan and with the support of the chess program Junior. In Informator # 93 this train was honored as best innovation.

Contributions to chess literature

Kasparov wrote many chess books. From 2003 to 2006 he published a five- volume series on the history of world chess champion before him under the title My great Predecessors, whose German translation in seven volumes under the title appeared My great predecessors. He has also written under the general title Kasparov on Modern Chess revolution in the 70s, first with a book on the development of different opening systems, followed by two volumes ( Kasparov vs Karpov, Kasparov vs Karpov 1975-1985 and 1986-1987) over the first four world championship matches against Anatoly Karpov.

Game examples

• Lautier - Kasparov, Linares 1994
• Deep Blue - Kasparov, Philadelphia 1996 1st competition game
• Kasparov - Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999

List of tournament results ( without quick and blitz chess )

Economic activity

Kasparov chess programs licensed several different companies, which were marketed under his name:

• Kasparov 's Gambit (1993 )
• Virtual Kasparov (2001)
• Kasparov Chess Mate (2003)
• Garry Kasparov teaches chess (2005)

In 1995 he founded together with his longtime manager Andrew Page and former Air -Europe Director Peter Smith, the company Kasparov Consultancy. Focus was the company advising on joint ventures of European and Russian companies in the field of air transport.

As a longtime advertising partner of the Center Microelectronics Dresden he began to sink to ensure that the Chess Olympiad in 2008 would take place in Dresden.

Chronologiekritik

In addition to preparing for chess tournaments, he also devoted himself during his playing career, many other interests. Among other things he is interested in history. By his own account he fell on inconsistencies in the scientific accepted chronology. He soon became a supporter and financial sponsor of the non-recognized in professional circles chronology criticism in Russia and has also written essays.

Political commitment

Democratization

1984 Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This he left again in 1990 and participated in the founding of the Democratic Party, whose deputy he became president. A year later, he stepped out after disputes over the program from that party.

In 1993, Kasparov participated in the founding of the Party Choice of Russia. With the Russian presidential elections in 1996, he campaigned for the reelection of Boris Yeltsin.

From 1999 Kasparov published a series of political commentaries in U.S. newspapers, as the The Wall Street Journal, from 2004 criticized as a " contributing editor " of the newspaper, in which he praised the American policies and the Russian policy. In 2006, the website of the neo-conservative American organization Center for Security Policy Kasparov as a member of its Advisory Board National Security Advisory Council ( NSAC ). In early April 2007, there were public reports of this membership. But in the same month Kasparov described it as " bureaucratic curiosity " and denied ever having been working for the organization. Shortly thereafter, his name was removed from the membership list of the NSAC.

Activities in Russia

After his retirement from professional chess sport in March 2005 Kasparov announced plans to devote his time now politics and writing. He founded the United Civil Front, and was a member of the anti-government party Bund The Other Russia.

During Vladimir Putin's first term as President of Russia Kasparov committed in Russian politics, and has distinguished himself as a critic of Russian President. He was co-founder and chairman of the company founded in January 2004 " Committee 2008: Free elections " to prevent that had set itself the goal of a further term of Vladimir Putin. In April 2005, Kasparov announced together with the Russian Duma deputy Vladimir Ryzhkov to the establishment of a new Liberal Party. In a public appearance in Moscow on April 17, 2005 Kasparov was beaten a chess board on his head - a member of a related Putin youth organization was therefore attributed step on him, ostensibly to ask for an autograph on this board. Vladimir Ryzhkov joined shortly thereafter at 23-24. April 2005 the political council of the Socialist Republican Party (RPR ) in, but not Kasparov.

On December 16, 2006 Kasparov held in Moscow a demonstration against the Putin government in which about 2,000 people participated. A few days earlier the rooms of the Committee headed by Kasparov were searched in connection herewith. For critical media reports in Germany had previously provided its projection from the talk show by Sabine Christiansen on 10 December 2006 in which he should participate by video link. Kasparov accused the Christiansen editors that they had discharged him under pressure from the Russian government and technical problems only advanced.

In April 2007, Kasparov organized an opposition rally in Moscow. Towards this unsanctioned rally, police arrested him and his companions. A few hours later he came on payment of a fine of 1,000 rubles (about 30 Euro ) again. The philosopher André Glucksmann wrote on 25 April 2007 in Le Figaro that " the soul of Europe is not in a few divisions, but in the other, Russia and Garry Kasparov ."

On 18 May 2007, the EU -Russia summit was held in Samara Russia, which also includes some critics, including Kasparov wanted to arrive. According to his own statements Kasparov was held fixed at the Moscow airport by decreased his passport and airline ticket. He called Russia then a " police state ". German Chancellor Angela Merkel practiced openly criticizing the actions of the Russian authorities.

In July 2007, Kasparov compared in The Wall Street Journal, the Putin administration with the Mafia, as described in novels by Mario Puzo.

In September 2007, Kasparov called the Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov as " bandits " to which the Chechen Parliament filed a lawsuit for libel against Kasparov.

In the same month, Kasparov won a code for the nomination as presidential candidate of the opposition coalition The Other Russia in Moscow against Mikhail Kasyanov and former Central Bank chief Viktor Gerashchenko. He received the first ballot 379 of 498 votes.

In October 2007, Kasparov had several appearances on television programs in the United States known as the The Colbert Report, Real Time with Bill Maher and CNN Late Edition.

24 November 2007, a week before parliamentary elections in Russia, Kasparov was arrested in Moscow after an unsanctioned rally in an unapproved protest march. With hundreds of followers he wanted in his own words a " resolution calling for fair elections " is passed to the Central Election Commission. Amnesty International called him a " political prisoner " and called for his immediate release. After five days of detention at an undisclosed location Kasparov was set free.

Kasparov's party was in advance of the election as unpopular and stand a chance because the majority of the population regarded the liberal economic program as a step backwards in the direction of privatization phase in the 1990s. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced his retirement from the candidacy, since he would seriously hampered by the authorities.

On May 4, 2012, he was elected chairman of the International Council of the Human Rights Foundation. The police arrested him on August 17, 2012 during a demonstration against the conviction of three members of the punk rock group Pussy Riot, along with some 60 other demonstrators. He was beaten and injured. He was initially indicted for violation of the right to demonstrate and acquitted on 24 August 2012.

Founding of the Solidarity

December 13, 2008 Kasparov and Boris Nemtsov founded a new opposition movement under the name of the Solidarity. At the founding congress at a hotel near Moscow was attended by more than 150 delegates from organizations, citizens' movements and parties, including the liberal Yabloko party.

Kasparov called attention to the delegates to rescue the tarnished image of Russian democracy with a common action against the Kremlin leadership. He criticized the political leadership in Moscow had " created a complete dictatorship under the mantra of liberal principles ."

Russian media reported in the run-up to numerous attempts to disrupt, for example, a demonstration by members of a pro-government youth organization set.

From May 31 to June 3, 2012 Kasparov participated as a representative of the United Civil Front at the Bilderberg conference in part, in Chantilly ( Va. ) took place.

Beginning of April 2013, Kasparov stepped down from the Board of the Solidarity, but remained a member of the organization. In November 2013, Kasparov requested Latvian citizenship because he feared political persecution in Russia. In February 2014, Kasparov received the Croatian citizenship.

Awards

In 1991, Kasparov received the award Keeper of the Flame Award from the American neo-conservative organization Center for Security Policy for his " anti-communist resistance " and the " spread of democracy ".

The Time magazine led Kasparov in 2007 in their list of the 100 most influential people. The editor Richard Stengel called him a " hero" who engaged in a " lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia."

On 19 September 2007, Kasparov was donated to the newly in Copenhagen and received 100,000 crowns doped Pundik Freedom Prize.

Foreign Policy magazine led him in July 2008 to 18th place their list of World's Top 20 Public Intellectuals.

In November 2012, Kasparov received " for his commitment to children in which he had founded Chess Foundation " Martin Buber plaque.

2013 Kasparov is being honored for his non-violent fight for human rights in Russia with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award of the organization UN Watch.

The Blueprint

Being together with Peter Thiel and Max Levchin written and 2012 upcoming book The Blueprint diagnosed stagnation of technological progress and calls for more extensive investment in research and development to increase global welfare.

Private

When Kasparov was seven years old, his father died, Kim Weinstein. Subsequently, Kasparov took off the family name of his father and took the name of his mother Klara Kasparowa because it sounded Russian.

1990, it came to anti -Armenian pogroms in Baku Kasparov's hometown, where he had to leave the city. He lives mainly in Russia, but occasionally he visited Armenia. His second residence is in Manhattan, New York.

Kasparov has at least three children and married three times. From 1985 to 1987 he was romantically involved with 16-year- old actress Marina Nejolowa. 1987 gave birth to a daughter Nejolowa whose paternity Kasparov, however, denied at the time. From 1989 until June 1995, Kasparov was married to the philologist and translator Marija Arapowa. Their daughter was born in April 1993 in Helsinki. Kasparov's second marriage to Julia Vovk lasted from 1996 until 2005. Their son was born in 1996. Since 2005, Kasparov has been married to Daria Tarasova. Their daughter was born in December 2006. Kasparov's wife is not to be confused with the homonymous wushu athlete.