Georg Fein
Georg Fine ( born June 8, 1803 in Helmstedt, † January 26, 1869 in Diessenhofen, Canton of Thurgau, Switzerland ) was a German journalist and democratic politicians of the pre-March period. He was editor of the liberal- democratic newspaper German Tribune, worked in exile in Switzerland, the USA and other countries as the founder and organizer of Workers' Education Associations and wrote political poems ( among other brothers now, we are also in place - Song of the united craftsmen ).
Life
Youth and Student Years
George Fine was the son of Helmstedter mayor and later Director-General of the Westphalian state domains Georg fine senior. His brother was the law professor Eduard Fine. He attended schools in Magdeburg and Blankenburg, Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick. From 1822, he studied law in Göttingen, Berlin, Heidelberg and Munich, where he worked together with political science and policy studies. This influenced him above all CJA Mittermaierstrasse, Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, Karl Heinrich Rau and Georg Friedrich Sartorius. In Jena he belonged to the first student fraternity in Heidelberg and Göttingen, he joined 1818/1820 also the local Fraternities at. A final study was done but not well. Financially fine was supported by his well-off mother. He moved mainly in poetry and art circles, and even wrote poems and literary articles for magazines. Among his friends was the Göttingen study later political writer Karl Weddo of Glümer (1798-1876), in Munich, he became friends with Harro Harring. At Feins acquaintances Christian Dietrich Grabbe counted.
Editor of the "German Tribune " in Munich and Homburg; Deportation to Braunschweig
Beginning of August 1831 offered him Johann Georg August Wirth in the place of Mitredakteurs Deutsche Tribune. Fine worked as a freelancer and from November 1831 as editor of the liberal- democratic newspaper that appeared in Homburg and Zweibrücken in the Palatinate in Munich and from January until their ban in March 1832. He played a prominent role in the Rhine Palatinate pressing and country club; several editions of the German grandstand were free released to the club members to increase the rate of dissemination of the newspaper. For reasons of prudence fine did not take part in the Hambach Festival in late May; his portrait image was added later but still on the Hambach cloth with a total of 16 portraits of the leading Liberals. Fine was speaker at the festivals in Bergen on 31 May and Wilhelmsbad on June 22, 1832. In July 1832, he was deported from Hanau for his involvement in revolutionary activities to Brunswick.
As an opposition journalist was fine in Braunschweig under police supervision. Nevertheless, he spread revolutionary pamphlets and worked in an artisan - reading club, which led to a criminal procedure at the District Court of Braunschweig in December 1832. In order to escape a looming arrest for his alleged participation in the Frankfurt Guard storm he fled in April 1833 France to Switzerland.
Exile in Switzerland, Strasbourg, Paris, London, Oslo and the U.S.
In exile in Switzerland worked fine from December 1833, as editor of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Just a few months later, in August 1834 he had to resign because of his anti- reactionary articles the editors. In the same month he built in Zurich on an artisan club movement, which led to his expulsion from the canton of Zurich. Fine now turned to Liestal, capital of the liberal Neukantons Basel-Land. In February 1835, he joined the secret society Young Germany, whose central committee he chaired from August 1835 to February 1836. Because of political differences, though fine occurred in March 1836 again from Young Germany. In June 1836 he was expelled from Switzerland.
After his deportation began of Fine, who was financially independent for a larger inheritance, a restless, wandering life under changing, camouflaged cover name. He went first to Paris, where he probably participated in meetings of the Federation of outlaws and in the journal Outlaw published, which was published by the early socialist emigrants organization. According to a police interrogation and detention in February 1837, he turned to London, where he founded a German book club. In September 1837 he moved to Oslo. Many tours have taken him in the years to Strasbourg and back to London, Paris and Switzerland. In 1842 he published Hoffmann von Faller life painted from the Saxon censorship preface to his political poems with its own epilogue in Strasbourg. In the same year he published there illegally previously only privately circulated, liberal font whence and whither? the Prussian State Minister Theodor von Schön. They had probably been leaked to him from the circle around the Democrats Johann Jacoby and excited - like the authored by fine detailed afterword to the memoir - a great stir. In January 1843 fine President of the German Reading Society in London.
From December 1844 to March 1845 he took part in the two Freischar trains of the Swiss Liberals against the clerical canton of Lucerne. He got into Lucerne captivity. His friends like Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz and Liestaler lawyer Adolf Barth meant that he was an honorary citizen of the canton of Basel-Landschaft. A violent rescue attempt but failed. His brother Eduard Fine, sat a vain for his release. Fine has been brought to Austria. The Brunswick and the Norwegian government rejected his deportation from their countries. Under the direction of Metternich, he was deported in 1846 in the United States.
From January to April 1847 held in Philadelphia Fine twelve public lectures on the progress of efforts to gain freedom in Germany since 1830, which he held until November 1847 repeated from September in Cincinnati. In Baltimore Fine 1847, the democratic Concordia.
Fine used in exile numerous friends and acquaintances to other oppositionists. Among his personal friends were beside Hoffmann von Faller life, Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz and Harro Harring eg Jacob also Venedey, Karl Schapper and Johann Ernst Arminius noise Platt. In Strasbourg fine wrong with Heinrich Heine and Georg Büchner.
Return to Germany and last years in Switzerland
In March 1848 fine the news of the outbreak of the revolution in Germany. About the Austrian ambassador in Washington he learned in May 1848 that he be allowed to return to Germany as amnestied. After his return in September 1848 he was made an honorary member of the Democratic Club in Bremen and Bremer participated as a delegate at the second Democrat Congress in Berlin in late October 1848 in part. Only for a short time he officiated at the suggestion of Hermann Kriege as Congress President. He soon resigned from the position on his own and was then only in a committee, select committee for organization. The reasons for his withdrawal are unclear. Maybe a trigger was his was before Congress in October 1848 engagement with the Brown Swiss Gerin Ernestine baroness of King, widow Lastrop. She urged him to get involved at the Congress little.
After his marriage in March 1849 Fine lived until his death in Switzerland, first in Liestal and after the death of his wife in 1862 in Diessenhofen. He was active at this time mainly as an organizer of Workers' Education Associations. The Workers 'Educational Association concord in Zurich, the most important German Workers' Association of Switzerland, he was involved as an honorary member instrumental in the educational work of the association. In 1859 he became a member of the German National Association, represented the left, democratic wing it. From 1859 to May 1862, he was an agent of the National Association for Zurich and then to January 1863 and for the rest of Switzerland. Under Feins influence of the Workers' Educational Association joined Eintracht at the National Club.
In his last years fine suffered from heart disease, which eventually led to his death in January 1869. In addition to his journalistic work, for example, Pamphlets and newspaper articles he wrote until the end also (political ) poems. A planned autobiography, he could not realize. His friend Hoffmann von Faller life dedicated to him in February, 1869, a poem obituary of Georg fine
Importance
Metternich called fine "one of the most dangerous tools of the revolution." In recent research ( after the discovery of the estate ) is fine as "one of the best known early German Democrats of the pre-March " and " moderate social reformer ," as " radical democrat ", " national democrat " and "large German Republicans " characterized.
The estate of George Fine was discovered in the late 1970s in the State Archives Wolfenbüttel and archival records in the 1980s. It includes approximately 5,000 sheets and includes, among other things, private and political correspondence, filing copies (especially of German political associations abroad ), diaries and manuscripts.
Works (selection)
Fine published mainly pamphlets and articles and poems in several newspapers and magazines, such as Karl Spindler Zeitenspiegel (Munich), German Tribune (Munich, Homburg ), Midnight newspaper for educated items ( Braunschweig, Wolfenbüttel ), Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Outlaw (Paris), German London newspaper (leaves for politics, literature and art ) and Felleisen. Organ of centralisierten German Workers' Associations in Switzerland ( Zurich ).
- Progress of the reaction in Bavaria, in: German Tribune No. 68 v. March 18, 1832
- Political poems, G. L. Schuler, Strasbourg 1836 digitized
- Hundreds of artisans, 1836 poem, G. Fine attributed
- German folk voice. A collection of patriotic songs, 3rd ed Banga & Honegger, Liestal in 1836 and 4th ed Banga & Honegger, 1840 Liestal digitized
- Preface to Hoffmann von Fallersleben political poems from the German past. In addition to a epilogues by George Fein, G. L. Schuler, Strasbourg 1842, JC Schabelitz, Basel 1842 digitized
- Theodor von Schön: whence and whither? In addition to an epilogue by Geoerg fine, G. L. Schuler, Strasbourg 1842 digitized
- The German Rhine Festival, G. L. Schuler, Strasbourg 1848
- Views of the German Workers 'Educational Associations in Switzerland, in: Coburg General Workers' Newspaper No.98, November 1864
- The German confederate. Edited with the assistance of Karl Blind, Louis Büchner, Ludwig Feuerbach, Ferdinand Freiligrath among others for the club " German Freedom and Unity ". Trübner & Co., London and Hamburg.. March 1865 to May 1867 ( reprint Detlev Auvermann, glassworks in the Taunus 1973) also contains contributions by Georg fine March 15 - 1865 digitized here p 161 and 184 ff