German federal election, 2013

• The Left: 64
• SPD: 193
• Alliance 90/The Greens: 63
• CDU / CSU: 311

The election of the 18th German Bundestag took place on 22 September 2013. On the same day the state election in Hesse was performed. The new electoral law stipulates that overhang mandates must be compensated by compensatory seats.

Strongest party, the CDU. She reached together with the CSU, with which they traditionally a parliamentary group in the Bundestag is, 41.5 % of the valid second votes. Thus, the larger the distance of the Union parties to the SPD, which was only slightly to gain after the great losses in 2009. Votes, however, lost the Greens, the Left and especially the FDP, which has not been represented for the first time since 1949 in the Parliament; so has the 18th Bundestag only four fractions. A record high ( 15.7 %) there was at the votes for parties that, as the FDP and the first time be incurred alternative for Germany, failed at the 5- percent threshold and thus not taken into account in the allocation of seats were. This meant that now less than 60% of the electorate - are represented in parliament, although the turnout was 71.5 % to 0.72 % above the historic low of the 2009 federal election - as little as never before.

The new parliament came together for the first time on 22 October, the last day of the prescribed for in Article 39, paragraph 2 of the Basic Law period. 230 of the 631 deputies ( = 36.5%) for the first time a member of the German Bundestag. 229 of MPs are women ( in the previous legislature had it 204).

The parties CDU, CSU and SPD agreed on a coalition government. On December 17, the Bundestag, Angela Merkel elected as Chancellor. Subsequently, the Cabinet was sworn.

→ General information on the choice of the German Bundestag see federal election.

→ Further information on the incumbent Federal Government see Cabinet Merkel III.

• 3.1 parties
• 3.2 Approval of the parties and direct candidates
• 3.3 ranking on the ballots
• 3.4 top candidates 3.4.1 CDU / CSU
• 3.4.2 SPD
• 3.4.3 FDP
• 3.4.4 left
• 3.4.5 Green

• 3.5.1 odds

• 4.1 Wahl-O -Mat
• 4.2 manifestos of the parties 4.2.1 Domestic Policy
• 4.2.2 Financial Markets
• 4.2.3 Taxes and child support
• 4.2.4 Labour, Social Affairs, Health and Family
• 4.2.5 Europe
• 4.2.6 Transport and Consumer Protection
• 4.2.7 Environment and Energy

• 5.1 Individual Surveys

• 6.1 Result by country
• 6.2 Result by old and new countries
• 6.3 second vote share of the parties by constituencies
• 6.4 After the election

Election law and organization

Dates

Under Article Article 39 of the Basic Law is the election of the German Parliament at the earliest 46, held no later than 48 months after the meeting of the German Bundestag. The 17th German Bundestag met on 27 October 2009. Consequently, the choice that must take place on a Sunday or public holiday could (§ 16 Federal election law ) be performed no earlier than 1 September and no later than 27 October 2013.

Election day is set by the Federal President. In general, it draws on the recommendation of the government, which in turn is usually prepared by the Federal Minister of the Interior. Basically the holidays in the countries are taken into account when proposing the election date.

The Bavarian CSU / FDP government had agreed on 15 September 2013 as the date for the state election in Bavaria in 2013, at the same time they wanted to achieve that state and federal election does not take place from one another on the same day, but with the greatest possible distance. Had the black - yellow government or the President accepted this request, would in some states of the Bundestag for the first time since 1994 to be elected on a holiday weekend.

In connection with the agreement reached on November 20, 2012 hearing of the countries in which a majority uttered these as election date for September 22, 2013, ZEIT Online reported the expectation of " government sources ", " that [ ... ] the Cabinet " Connecting the will.

Date of the election and deadlines in advance of the election

On 31 January 2013, the Cabinet Committee agreed on 22 September, on 6 February, the Cabinet agreed to, and on February 8, 2013, the date so determined by the signature of President Joachim Gauck was authentic.

Out of the election date, different time sequences arise in pre-election:

Preliminary constitutional problems with the Federal Election Law

A ruling by the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Electoral Law would have to 30 June 2011 should be amended to correct the declared unconstitutional negative voting weight. This deadline was not respected by the Bundestag. An amendment to the election law only came into force on 3 December 2011. The Federal Constitutional Court also explained the new controlled distribution of seats in its decision of 25 July 2012 for unconstitutional. It has been criticized that the new electoral law does not eliminate the effect of negative voting weight, the newly introduced residue votes recovery with the Basic Law is incompatible and therefore void and that the regulation overhang mandates create in a number, " the basic character of the general election as proportional representation " cancels.

In October 2012, the factions of the CDU, SPD, FDP and the Greens have agreed to change the Federal Electoral Law, which involves the imposition of countervailing mandates. Depending on the number of overhang seats and different high voter turnout at the country level may have thus found significantly increase the number of seats. The amendment entered into force on 9 May 2013.

Also, the right to vote for overseas German was revised after the Federal Constitutional Court had declared in force since 2008 regulation unconstitutional. The amendment entered into force on 3 May 2013. After abroad are German after the age of 18 entitled to vote if they have lived after the age of 14, at least three consecutive months in Germany and have passed no more than 25 years since his departure. Other German abroad can vote only if they have " acquired for purposes other personal and direct familiarity with the political situation in the Federal Republic of Germany and are affected by them."

Constituency boundaries

The Federal territory is divided at the time of the election in 299 constituencies. The appointed in accordance with § 3 of the Federal election law by the President Constituency Commission recommended in its report to the Bundestag on 28 January 2011 as a result of population shifts, a number of changes to the constituency boundaries. Subsequently, the German Bundestag passed the Twentieth Act to amend the Federal Election Law, which entered into force on 19 April 2012. The main points of the Act are:

• Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania lost a constituency and has only six constituencies. The remaining constituencies were given a new cut and new name.
• Hesse also gained a constituency and now has 22 constituencies. Wetterau II - - In Osthessen a new constituency under the name Main-Kinzig Scots was established. The demarcation of the previous osthessischen constituencies was amended accordingly.

In the remaining provinces, only a series of minor border corrections were provided. In addition, the numbering of many constituencies changed due to the shift of the electoral district of Mecklenburg- Vorpommern to Hesse.

Election observers

The OSCE deployed two election observers.

Initial situation

Since the 2009 federal election ruled a black-yellow coalition of CDU / CSU and FDP under Chancellor Angela Merkel ( Merkel Cabinet II). The SPD was formed with the parties, the Left and the opposition Alliance 90/The Greens in the German Bundestag. Over the legislature succeeded the Pirate Party, which had failed in 2009 with 2.0% at the five - percent threshold, the entry into the country four days.

Parties and Candidates

To select came to a total of 34 parties. Of these 30 parties stood as candidates with country lists, only four with constituency nominations, so direct candidates. A total of 4,451 persons as candidates for the Bundestag, including 1,149 women. Compared to the 2009 federal election as a candidate so that 895 people more.

Parties

In the 16 countries a total of 233 state lists were approved by 30 parties. In the 299 constituencies stood as a candidate in 2705 people.

• CDU - Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( not in Bavaria; 254 constituency nominations )
• SPD - Social Democratic Party of Germany ( in all provinces; 299 constituency nominations )
• FDP - Free Democratic Party ( in all provinces; 298 constituency nominations )
• The Left ( in all provinces; 298 constituency nominations )
• GREEN - Alliance 90/The Greens ( in all provinces; 299 constituency nominations )
• CSU - Christian Social Union of Bavaria ( only in Bavaria; 45 constituency nominations )
• PIRATES - Pirate Party Germany ( in all provinces; 276 constituency nominations )
• NPD - National Democratic Party of Germany ( in all provinces; 258 constituency nominations )
• FREE VOTER - CDU ( in all provinces; 174 constituency nominations )
• AfD - Alternative for Germany ( in all provinces; 158 constituency nominations )
• MLPD - Marxist- Leninist Party of Germany ( in all provinces; 41 constituency nominations )
• Per Germany - citizens' movement per Germany (13 national lists, not in Hamburg, Schleswig -Holstein, Thuringia, three constituency nominations )
• REP - Republicans (ten national lists: Berlin, Brandenburg, Hesse, Rhineland -Palatinate, Bavaria, Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia, Baden- Württemberg, 21 constituency nominations )
• ODP - Ecological Democratic Party ( eight regional lists: Berlin, Hamburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland -Palatinate, Bavaria, Thuringia, Saxony -Anhalt, Baden- Württemberg, 62 constituency nominations )
• BüSo - Civil Rights Solidarity Movement ( six regional lists: Bavaria, Baden- Württemberg, Berlin, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony, 38 constituency nominations )
• The PARTY - Party of Labour, law, animal welfare, promotion of elite and grassroots initiative ( five provincial lists: Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia; 32 constituency nominations )
• Animal Protection Party - Party People Environment Animal Welfare ( five provincial lists: in Bavaria, Bremen, Lower Saxony, Schleswig -Holstein, Baden- Württemberg, two constituency nominations )
• PARTY OF SANITY - Party of Reason ( four national lists: Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland -Palatinate, Baden- Württemberg; six constituency nominations )
• Alliance 21/RRP ( three regional lists: Bayern, Bremen, North Rhine-Westphalia; 17 constituency nominations )
• BIG - Alliance for Innovation and Justice ( three official lists: Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden- Württemberg; six constituency nominations )
• PENSIONERS - Pensioners' Party of Germany ( three country lists: Hamburg, Schleswig- Holstein, Baden- Württemberg, a constituency nomination )
• PSG - Socialist Equality Party, Section of the Fourth International ( three official lists: Berlin, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia )
• PBC - Party Shaker Bible Christians (two country lists: Lower Saxony and Baden- Württemberg; five constituency nominations )
• Referendum - From now on ... Democracy through Referendum (two country lists: NRW and Baden- Württemberg, two constituency nominations )
• BP - Bavaria Party ( country list in Bavaria; eleven constituency nominations )
• THE VIOLET - The Violet - for spiritual Policy ( country list in Bavaria; five constituency nominations )
• FAMILY - Family Party of Germany ( country list in Saarland, four constituency nominations )
• THE WOMEN - Feminist Party Women ( country list in Bavaria)
• The rights ( country list in NRW)
• Party of non-voters ( country list in NRW)
• DKP - German Communist Party ( six constituency nominations )
• B - Mountain Party, the " party over " (a constituency nomination )
• BGD - Association for Germany as a whole ( a constituency nomination )
• No! Idea ( a constituency nomination )

In addition occurred at 81 independent candidates, including Siegfried Kauder in the constituency Schwarzwald- Baar, Wolfgang Nešković in the constituency Cottbus - Spree -Neisse and Michael Paris in the constituency of Frankfurt II

→ The election manifestos of all parties and their juxtaposition linked links in section

Approval of the parties and direct candidates

Parties that were represented by at least five members in the Bundestag or a state parliament since its last election because of his own nominations continuously, were in accordance with § submit 18 federal election law country lists without display (CDU, SPD, FDP, Left, Green their participation in the election before, CSU, pirates, NPD, CDU). The Free Voters had their intent to participate displayed as a precaution, although they were present due to the nomination of a previous national organization with 20 deputies in the Bavarian Parliament. The Federal Election Commission expected these MPs to the party, a decision on the participation indicator was unnecessary so.

Other organizations had at least 97 days before the election - that is until June 17, 2013 - show their intent to participate in the Federal Returning Officer. So did 58 associations (see list of parties with intent to participate in the federal election, 2013). About their recognition as parties to the Federal Election Commission decided on 4 and 5 July 2013. Here, 29 organizations have been recognized as parties. Twelve associations filed a lawsuit against the negative finding of a political party at the Federal Constitutional Court. The Party German National Assembly (DNV ) was the only party with their complaint to the recognition of a political party success, but not stepped up to the election.

Nominations had until July 15, 2013, 18.00 clock, be submitted to the relevant state election officials and county election officials. Parties that are not represented in the Bundestag or a Landtag, had to submit the necessary signatures of support at this event. The DNV and the previously accepted Christian center parties - For a Germany according to God's commandments (CM ), Communist Party of Germany ( KPD), Party Common Sense Germany (GMD ) and New Center (NM ) did not occur to.

For constituency nominations non-incumbent parties and independent candidates had to submit each 200 signatures of support for a candidacy.

Ranking on the ballots

According to § 30 ( 3) federal election law, the parties are listed on the ballots of a federal state in the order of second votes that they have achieved in this country in the preceding general election. The other state lists include in alphabetical order of the names of the parties. While the SPD was thus ranked in the 2009 election in 12 of the 16 states of the first part, this was on the ballots in September 2013 only in one country, where Bremen. In contrast, the CDU and CSU was now in 13 countries in the first place. In Brandenburg and Saxony -Anhalt was the first time the left the list number 1, in the other four eastern states she was each second. Brandenburg was the only country in which the CDU only took the third place on the ballot, for the SPD was this in the other five countries of eastern Germany. The FDP was usually listed in the squares 3 or 4 exception was Rank 5 in Berlin. The Greens were listed in Bremen and Hamburg at No. 3, in the other countries in the squares 4 or 5. The Pirate Party was listed in eleven provinces in 6th place, with the exception of Saxony, she was usually found at No. 7.

Top candidates

Chancellor candidate or nationwide top candidate are terms that are not anchored in the electoral law. The Chancellor is not directly, but elected by the members of the German Bundestag. At the federal level, the nomination of peak or chancellor candidate has considerable political significance. In the individual federal states, the leader of the country list a party list are also commonly referred to as the top candidate.

Since the ballots based solely on state lists, the nationwide " top candidates " or " chancellor candidate " only on the ballots of a single federal state seem to. In the general election in 2013 the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was for Angela Merkel (1st place) and North Rhine -Westphalia for Peer Steinbrück ( also No. 1 ). Rainer Brüderle, top candidate of the FDP was listed at No. 2 on the state list of Rhineland -Palatinate. At the " top two " of the Green Katrin Göring- Eckardt candidate number 1 in Thuringia, Jürgen Trittin at # 2 in Lower Saxony.

CDU / CSU

The reigning since 2005, Chancellor Angela Merkel ( CDU ) announced in July 2011 that she wanted 2013 run for a third term in office.

The following persons led to the respective regional lists of the CDU / CSU:

SPD

On 28 September 2012, the SPD chairman Sigmar Gabriel announced at a joint press conference with former German Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück and the Group Chairman in the Bundestag, Frank -Walter Steinmeier, announced that Steinbrück will compete as the top candidate of the SPD. The nominating convention of the SPD chancellor candidate took place in Hannover on December 9, 2012. Steinbrück was there elected with 93.45 percent of the delegates' votes candidate for chancellor.

The following persons led to the respective national lists of SPD:

The SPD named after and after politicians as members of a shadow cabinet, called the SPD " team of experts ". These should receive in the event of an SPD victory in the general election a minister. Steinbrück speaker was until June 2013 Michael Donner Meyer; since 10 June, there was Rolf Kleine.

• First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group
• Chairman of the Parliamentary Control Panel

• Minister of Labour, Equality and Social Welfare in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern
• Deputy SPD national chairman

• Women and family policy
• Development of Eastern
• Demography
• Inclusion

FDP

The FDP decided in January 2013 at the suggestion of party leader ( and Federal Minister of Economics ) Philipp Roesler that Rainer Brüderle FDP top candidate in the general election of 2013.

The following persons led to the respective regional lists of the FDP:

Left

On January 21, 2013 The Left was known to want to pull with the following eight politicians as a top team in the election campaign: Nicole Gohlke, Jan van Aken, Caren Lay, Klaus Ernst, Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht and Diana Golze.

Jan van Aken

Caren Lay

Klaus Ernst

Gregor Gysi

Dietmar Bartsch

Sahra Wagenknecht

Diana Golze

The following persons led to the respective regional lists of the Left:

The two top candidates of the party Alliance 90/The Greens have been elected by a primary election, in which involved 62% of the approximately 60,000 party members. The results of the election were announced on 10 November 2012. Trittin ( 71.9 %) and Katrin Göring -Eckardt ( 47.9 %) were chosen Renate Künast received 38.6 % and Claudia Roth 26.2 % of the vote.

Katrin Göring -Eckardt

The following persons led to the respective regional lists of the Greens:

Televised debates

The televised debate between the incumbent and the most promising challenger for the post of Chancellor took place on September 1. It was jointly organized by ARD, ZDF, RTL and ProSieben and broadcast on all four channels. As facilitators for the 90-minute discussion between Angela Merkel and Peer Steinbrück were Anne Will, Maybrit Illner, Kloeppel and Stefan Raab named.

On 2 September, the top candidates of the other three parties represented in parliament have supplied a TV powerlifting then well, which was broadcast live in the First. Rainer Brüderle, Gregor Gysi and Trittin presented themselves to the questions of WDR chief editor Jörg Schönborn and his colleague Sigmund Gottlieb by Bayerischer Rundfunk.

Odds

The ratings for the TV debate between Merkel and Steinbrück were as follows:

Positions

Wahl-O -Mat

The Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb ) has again presented the Wahl-O -Mat for the parliamentary elections in 2013, developed the content of an editorial team of 25 young voters aged 18-26 years from all parts of the Federal Republic. Consult doing so they were the team of the bpb and several scientists:

The table compares the positions of the parties represented in parliament on various topics. It refers to responses that the parties have indicated in the Wahl-O -Mat bpb. The Wahl-O -Mat has been controversial in the past; inter alia, because complex views are not always clearly reduce to Yes, No, or neutral statements ( justifications and explanations of the parties to the various points of view can be found on the website of the Wahl-O -Mats ).

Election manifestos of the parties

The following positions of the parties represented in parliament relating to their respective election manifestos. The selection of topics is based on the chosen file of the news ( which also gives a detailed comparison of the programs). The individual choice programs and the choice dossier linked links in the section.

Domestic Policy

CDU / CSU: continued employment of so-called undercover agents from the Federal Office for Protection of the Constitution. Expansion of the video and Internet monitoring. For offenders 18 to 21 years, the adult criminal law to be the rule. No referendums at the federal level. The retention is to be reintroduced.

SPD: The Constitutional protection should be transparent. Programs against right are to be expanded, banning the NPD be initiated. Youth crime is to be tackled by prevention. Introduction of binding referenda at the federal level. The retention is to be reintroduced.

FDP: Intelligence should be stronger parliamentary control. No online searches and examination of the BKA Law. The Military Counterintelligence is to be abolished. Introduction of binding referenda at the federal level. The retention is just as other government monitoring programs decided rejected.

The Left: The Protection of the Constitution and all other intelligence agencies should be abolished. Labeling requirement for uniformed officers. Introduction of binding referenda at the federal level. The retention is rejected.

Green: The tightening and widening of the anti -terror laws to be undone. The Military Counterintelligence is to be abolished. The use of undercover agents is rejected. Video surveillance in public space and online searches will be rejected. Introduction of binding referenda at the federal level. The retention is rejected.

Financial markets

CDU / CSU: Indebted EU states should be sanctioned if they violate the Stability and Growth Pact. No introduction of euro bonds. The Union aims to establish a European banking supervision at the ECB. Introduction of the FTT.

SPD: Financial institutions should get stricter capital requirements. Introduction of a bank levy, a resolution authority for banks, an EU banking supervision by the ECB and a European rating agency. The Social Democrats are also for a European Redemption Fund. Introduction of the FTT.

FDP: Introduction of a bank insolvency law at EU level as well as a bankruptcy order for States ( banks and governments should be able to be go bankrupt instead of too big to fail ). No introduction of euro bonds or a debt redemption fund ( no " pooling " of debt ). No introduction of the FTT.

The Left: introduction of a bank levy. The ECB should be able to direct lending to the euro countries. The investment banking should be abolished, " shadow banks " are to be resolved. Private banks should be nationalized. Introduction of the FTT.

Green: introduction of financial transaction tax and a debt brake for banks and a two-tier banking system. Tightening of capital requirements, management of crisis banks. Introduction of a redemption fund and long-term euro bonds. The European stability mechanism ESM to be converted into a European Monetary Fund.

Taxes and child support

CDU / CSU: No tax increases and no property tax and reduction of cold progression of the income tax. Corporate taxation should be harmonized at EU level. Tax havens are to be controlled through better international cooperation. The child tax credit will be increased to the adult allowance.

SPD: Between an annual taxable income of 64,000 euros up to 100,000 euros ( for married couples 128,000 euros to 200,000 euros ) to the collective course be extended so that the marginal tax rate of 42 % increases linearly to the maximum tax rate of 49%. Child benefit is to be staggered income tested under a gross income of 36,000 euros per year, with the maximum amount of child benefit should be at 324 euros per month. The child tax credit will be limited to the material minimum. The income splitting is maintained for existing marriages and partnerships, but will be replaced by a future " partnership tariff". The withholding tax on investment income of 25 increased to 32 percent. The revenue from the tax increases should be used exclusively for debt reduction as well as in education and infrastructure. The property tax is to be reintroduced.

FDP: no tax increases and no property tax, but where possible reducing the tax and charges and reduction of cold progression. A control brake is to be anchored in the Basic Law. The solidarity surcharge set to expire. The control system to be simplified.

The Left: The basic allowance is to rise to 9,300 euros, the tax rate will remain at 14 %. The wage curve to be smoothed to an annual taxable income of 65,000 euros. From this income, a marginal tax rate of 53 percent will apply. This taxable income be relieved under 69,000 euros, charged about it. For the one million Euro in excess part of the taxable income of the top tax rate of 75 % will apply ( " Wealth Tax "). The allowance is to be increased to at least 200 euros. The income splitting is to be replaced by a single assessment. The corporation is to be increased to 25%. The introduction of a property tax ( " millionaire's tax " ) in the amount of five percent is planned.

Green: The basic personal allowance for income tax should rise to 8,712 euros. The rate curve should be extended while maintaining its current course to 45 % with an annual taxable income of about 60,000 euros. Then, the increase is to be a little flatter to the top tax rate of 49 % with a taxable income of 80,000 euros. This taxable income be relieved under 60,000 euros, charged about it. The allowance is to be increased as an entry into a monthly children's basic benefits by another 22 euros. The income splitting is to be replaced by a single assessment with transfer of the basic personal allowance, the " splitting advantage " is to be maintained to a maximum of 1500 Euro. The inheritance tax is increased, the withholding tax will be replaced by a progressive system.

Labour, Social Affairs, Health and Family

CDU / CSU: agency workers should receive the same pay as the ordinary staff. The retirement age of 67 is to be maintained, the minimum pension should be € 850. The income splitting should be supplemented by a family splitting. The monthly allowance is to be maintained. The marriage equality with the registered partnership is rejected. Introduction of a quota of 30 percent for supervisory and management boards of listed companies. Maintaining the current health insurance system.

SPD: introduction of a minimum wage of € 8.50 an hour. Agency workers should receive the same pay as the permanent employees. Internships should receive uniform standards for service and remuneration. The retirement age of 67 is to be maintained, the minimum pension should be € 850. Abolition of child care benefit, child benefit after graduation income. Full marriage equality with the registered partnership. Introduction of a quota of 40 percent for supervisory and management boards of listed companies. Introduction of a universal health insurance in the health system.

FDP: It is a liberal citizen's income will be introduced, which combines social benefits such as unemployment benefit II, basic security, social assistance, housing benefit or child benefit. From age 60, the retirement age is to be flexible. The monthly allowance is to be abolished. Full marriage equality with the registered partnership. A quota for women in supervisory boards and boards of directors in listed companies is rejected. Maintaining the current health insurance system and opening of private health insurance for other people groups. A minimum wage should be introduced on a regional and sectoral basis.

The Left: introduction of a minimum wage of 10 € per hour. Temporary and one-euro jobs are to be banned. The normal working hours shall be reduced to 30 hours a week without loss of pay. Unemployment benefit II is to be replaced by a minimum income of 1050 €. Lowering the retirement age to 65, minimum pension of 1050 €. Care benefits, and the income splitting should be abolished. Full marriage equality with the registered partnership. A women's quota to be introduced not only in business but in all aspects of society. Introduction of a universal health insurance in the health system.

Green: introduction of a minimum wage of € 8.50 an hour. Agency workers should receive the same pay as the permanent employees. The ALG II set to rise to 420 €. The retirement age of 67 is to be maintained, the minimum pension should be € 850. In the long term, a national insurance policy to be introduced into the deposit all employees. The monthly allowance is to be abolished and replaced by a claim to full-time care. Full marriage equality with the registered partnership. Introduction of a quota of 50 percent for supervisory and management boards of listed companies. Introduction of a universal health insurance in the health system.

Europe

CDU / CSU: The EU is to put more focus on economic growth and competitiveness. National governments should coordinate their policies more closely with the EU Commission. The goal is the establishment of a European labor market and the harmonization of company taxation. Europe is to be built locally. EU membership of Turkey is rejected.

SPD: introduction of a common EU economic government, minimum taxes and mandatory social standards. The EU Commission is to be expanded to a government which is to be elected by the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union to be expanded into a second chamber of parliament. Turkey should be included in the EU after the fulfillment of certain conditions.

FDP: The EU's economic policy should be better coordinated. In the long term European integration be pursued and decided on a European federal state by referendum. European taxes and the reintroduction of border controls will be rejected. The Council of the European Union to be expanded into a second chamber of parliament. The EU Commission is to be reduced and the right of initiative entitled the EU Parliament. Turkey should - be included in the EU - if it meets all the requirements.

The Left: The payroll, tax and social policy will be largely aligned in the EU. It should be started a European Economic Recovery Plan. The EU Commission should be allowed to have no influence on national budgets. At the EU level to more direct democratic elements and established the rights of Parliament be strengthened.

Green: The European Parliament should be strengthened by it gets the right of initiative in laws and elect the Commission President. The EU citizens' initiative will be expanded to a binding referendum. EU - wide minimum tax rates should apply. The EU Commission is to stop subsidies to EU countries if they violate human rights. Turkey should be included in the EU after the fulfillment of certain conditions. It will establish a European Convention on the further development of the EU to be convened.

Transport and consumer protection

CDU / CSU: 2020, be approved one million electric cars. Car sharing should be promoted. A general speed limit on highways is rejected. In the matter of a car toll, both parties are at odds; Horst Seehofer makes it a condition for participation in government, Angela Merkel she categorically rejects. Removal of the air traffic control is considered. Food should be characterized in terms of region, genetic engineering and farming conditions. Establishment of banks comparison portal and a Advisory Council on Consumer Policy.

SPD: The German railway would not be privatized. A national roads program which will. Food should be characterized in terms of region and farming conditions. Restaurants and food businesses should get a hygiene traffic light. Genetic engineering in food should be banned. An Advisory Council on Consumer Policy to be established. Food advertising in schools should be banned.

FDP: Euro Combi should be promoted. A general speed limit on highways is rejected. Parts of Deutsche Bahn to be privatized. The air traffic control should be abolished. Advertising bans on tobacco consumption or special taxes will be rejected. Gene products should be flagged. Deutsche Bahn customers to quickly get their money back in case of delays.

The Left: the long term, be free and funded by controlling the entire public transport. The German railway would not be privatized. On motorways is to apply a general speed limit of 120 km / hr. The introduction of euro Combis rejects the party. The consumer should receive more information about food and there will be more food controls. Introduction of a financial TÜVs.

Green: Consumption limits for vehicles to be introduced; until 2020, three new vehicles, from 2025 to consume two liters. Truck tolls will be extended to vehicles over 3.5 tonnes and all major roads. On motorways is to apply a general speed limit of 120 km / hr. The exemption of aviation fuel to be abolished. Food should be characterized in terms of region, fair trade, genetic engineering and farming conditions. Introduction of a traffic light food and a hygiene barometer for restaurants. Factory farming is to be abolished in the long term.

Environment and Energy

All parties speak in principle from the energy turnaround.

CDU / CSU: The expansion of renewable energies should be more regulated by the free market in the future. Energy-intensive companies should further relieved, power grids and power storage to be expanded. The construction of new gas - and coal-fired power plants is advocated. The use of fracking to be tested.

SPD: establishment of a separate Department of Energy. Renewable energy should remain a priority in the feed. The reduction of power control is contemplated. The construction of new gas - and coal-fired power plants is advocated. On the use of fracking will initially be waived.

FDP: The expansion of renewable energies is to be pursued in the future and more regulated by the free market. Reduction of electricity tax and the introduction of a " current price brake". Energy-intensive companies should be further relieved, the power grid will be expanded quickly. The use of fracking to be tested.

The Left: power and heat networks should be transferred to the public sector. Tax breaks for the industry should be abolished. Off-shore wind farms are rejected, the power supply should be guaranteed locally. No use of fracking and CO2 capture and storage.

Green: the power to completely come from renewable energy by 2030. This should continue to receive a fixed feed-in tariff and feed- have. The perks for energy-intensive companies should be eliminated. No use of fracking and CO2 capture and storage.

An analysis of election programs on energy policy presented by the Photon magazine.

Surveys

In the 2009 federal election the CDU, CSU and FDP reached 48.4 percent, an absolute majority of seats and formed a coalition government under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel ( → Cabinet Merkel II). End of 2009, approval for the federal government in surveys of public opinion research institutes was significantly decreased, so that there was no common majority more. In particular, the FDP lost in the spring of 2010, dramatically, was the middle of the year for the first time in a number of surveys of the five-percent hurdle and remained there for nearly two years. From April 2012, the survey found again Institute values ​​of five per cent, in the late summer of 2012 values ​​of three to four percent. Such fluctuations survey accompanied the Liberals in the federal election in 2013, so that the re-entry was uncertain in the Bundestag. Thus, the survey institute Allensbach for the FDP measure temporarily six percent, infra dimap the same period, however, only four percent.

The Union reached in the current parliamentary term with 29 percent and the lowest 43 percent, the highest measured value. Responsible for the strong values ​​of the Union parties was primarily the continued popularity of Chancellor Angela Merkel ( CDU) and their perceived positive action during the current crisis in the euro area. In the last months before the election, the polling institutes saw the Union parties 37-42 percent, over the 33.8 percent of the federal election of 2009. Early 2013 a high of 43 percent was assumed for the Union by Forsa and Emnid what the best value represented in seven years.

The SPD won in the period from the end of 2009 added to the end of 2010 and came up with up to 30 percent. The Greens won until the end of 2010 added regularly and reached up to 20 percent. In the fall of 2010, the polls showed a red-green majority for the first time. After both parties had slightly lost, the values ​​of the Green jumped in the spring of 2011 after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima rapidly upward in autumn 2010 and spring 2011 were registered in individual surveys of Forsa and Emnid the Greens even in second place ahead of the SPD. With waning of the nuclear debate after Fukushima, the conditions from September 2011 turned back; the Greens slipped from an average of 14 percent, the SPD laid mainly because of some success in state elections to 32 percent. After she was driven briefly again by the nomination of Peer Steinbrück candidate for chancellor, the SPD lost to burgeoning criticism of its perquisites again consent. Currently, the Social Democrats are at 25 to 30 percent. In the current legislative session, it never succeeded in SPD so far, to overtake the Union as the strongest force in the polls. It also abolished the party for a short time, namely from July to November of 2012, the CDU detach them again as members of the largest party in Germany. Even with support from Business Steinbrück could hardly be expected according to surveys; therefore remained preferred Chancellor Angela Merkel.

The Left saw a steady decline in the polls since the 2009 federal election. The reason for the weakness at the federal level lasting personnel disputes and the resignation of the Left were led out of the country days after the elections in Schleswig -Holstein and North Rhine -Westphalia. However, the change in leadership of Klaus Ernst and Gesine Lötzsch to Katja Kipping and Bernd Riexinger gave the party, whilst no significant upturn in the direction of the last federal election result, but a stabilization in the polls at eight to nine percent. Thus, the party still would have lost three to four percent compared to the 2009 federal election.

After the success in the election for the House of Representatives of Berlin in 2011, the Pirate Party first appeared in the surveys of large institutions and was almost all opinion surveys from October 2011 on the five-percent hurdle. However, the numbers of individual institutions reported under each other to strong fluctuations. While Forsa and Emnid saw the Pirate Party 7-10 percent, reasonably Allen Bach and the research group elections between 4 and 6 percent. A boost for the Pirates in the polls brought in April 2012 then the surprising entry into the Saarland state parliament after the forthcoming state election in March 2012. Forsa determined two weeks after this success, already 13 percent of the young party. In November 2012, the Pirates slipped in all surveys of the five-percent hurdle and could not recover since then. In March 2013, it was the first time no longer be reported in a survey of the research group elections since 2011.

In July 2012, the pollsters YouGov and the Free Voters GMS led for the first time on extra. They came out in any of the surveys over two percent. As of April 2013, the newly established alternative for Germany ( AfD ) has been reported in the polls. She reached in a survey in late April for the first time necessary for entry into the Bundestag 5 percent ( INSA/22. April 2013 ). Since the beginning of September the various institutes reasonably values ​​between 2.5 and 5 percent.

Shortly before the election, the ruling coalition of the CDU, CSU and FDP were up in every Sunday issues before red - green camp. Depending on the survey reached together the three governing parties - without regard to the five per cent threshold - values ​​from 44 to 45.5 percent. A government majority was after the polls this uncertain. However, the SPD and Greens could expect any own majority in the Bundestag with between 35 and 38 percent and also would have been instructed to cooperate with the Left.

Individual surveys

Election result

The final outcome of the federal election saw the Union ( 41.5%) of CDU ( 34.1 %) and CSU (7.4%) ahead of the SPD ( 25.7 %), the left (8.6%) and the Greens ( 8.4%). The FDP (4.8%) did not make it to parliament for the first time. The only a few months old AfD (4.7%) also failed due to the five-percent hurdle.

Result by country

The rounded second vote the shares shown in the following table (the second vote shares for each country in percent, the strongest party in bold):

Profit after old and new countries

Second vote share of the parties by constituencies

Final result

SPD 10.9 to 18 % > 18 - 23 % > 23-28 % > 28-33 % > 33 - 44 %

The Left 2.6 to 7 % > 7-15 % > 15-22 % > 22 - 28 % > 28 to 34.6 %

Alliance 90/The Greens 2.5 to 7 % > 7-10 % > 10 - 13 % > 13-16 % > 16 to 20.8 %

FDP 1.6 to 5 % > 5-6 % > 6-7 % > 7-8 % > 8 to 9.2 %

AfD 2.3 to 4 % > 4 - 5% > 5-6 % > 6-7 % > 7 to 8.2 %

Pirates 1.2 to 2 % > 2 to 2.5 % > 2,5 - 3 % > 3-4 % > 4 - 5.8%

NPD 0.3 to 1 % > 1-2 % > 2 - 3 % > 3-4 % > 4 - 5.1%

After the election

Parliament must meet within 30 days after the election to a constituent meeting. The last date was 22 October 2013. For this date, the first session of the 18th parliament was scheduled. With the convening of the new parliament, the old legislature (Article 39 paragraph 1 GG ) and the term of office of the federal government ends (Article 69 paragraph 2 of the Basic Law ). As long as no new government is sworn in, the former business leader in office ( Article 69 paragraph 3 GG ) remains.

With 311 seats in the 631 seats now large Bundestag, the Union is the strongest group and only 5 seats away from the absolute majority of 316 seats. Majorities there would be for the Union with all the other factions represented in the Bundestag, a majority to the exclusion of the Union would be to form only from SPD, the Left and the Greens, an option that was excluded before the election. Talks about a black-green cooperation not get beyond first soundings, very soon came CDU and the SPD in coalition negotiations.

On 17 December 2013, the new federal government stepped out of Union and SPD to their office.