Gerundive
The gerunds, participle also necessitatis is an adjective derived from a verb ( verbal adjective ) with the liabilities meaning, the impossibility of expressing negation in usually a need, or often as requests character.
In Latin it receives as the gerund suffix - nd. During this, however, occurs only in the singular and (because of the equality of ablative and dative as well as lack of a vocative ) only forms four different forms, has the gerundive the full repertoire of the a- and o -declension available. Since the masculine nominative singular ending- us is regarded as Schüttelmerkvers for the Latin gerundive: " It ends to - NDUs what werdn done that. " In order to distinguish a gerundive of a gerund if it does not show the inflectional endings clearly is to examine whether a congruent reference word is. Then there is a gerunds. However, there remain undecidable or ambiguous cases.
In Lithuania there are the gerunds on -na ( s ), for example skaitytina knyga - a book to read.
The Germans called the gerundive also to " participle " because it - comparable to the to - infinitive in relation to the pure infinitive - the present participle is assigned ( with suffix - nd). Depending on whether the affected verb is separable ( separable verb → ), the " on " prefix ( " observable spaces" ) or incorporated ( " zuzuziehende curtains "). The gerundive can only be used attributively and is then evaluated for number, case and gender in congruence with its rain, distinguishing between strong and weak flexion. It is also possible the nominalization of to - participle ( to the Honorable and to disapproving ) that the spelling is not officially regulated, but well wide consensus exists that where it is not incorporated, still written separately and are not coupled, ie " is to be observed "and" the Zuzuziehende ". The Germans are also some Gerundive " lexicalized as derived nouns, eg of / trainees ".
Attributive use
Latin examples
- Liber legendus - a book that must be read / a book to read / a book worth reading
- Amanda - the Loveable
- Labores non fugiendi - efforts that must not be shy
- Dolor vix ( non) ferendus - a pain that you can hardly (not ) bear / a little more bearable ( unbearable ) pain
- Comparison between gerund and gerundive, in this case, with the same meaning: Gerund: in Librum legendo - when reading / while reading a book
- Gerunds: in libro legendo - when reading / while reading a book
- Habendi senatus locus (Cicero In Catilinam 1) can be read as a gerund as gerunds: Gerund: " senatus " acc. pl. as a direct object to " habendi " - the place of Abzuhaltenseins the Senate sessions
- Gerundive: " senatus " gen sing. congruent to " habendi " - the place of ( a certain ) Senate meeting here
German examples
- To participating on the propriety of consideration
- The returned object ending
- To the wrap-around pleading to the wrap-around
- The re -breaking fence, the proportioning breaking
Predicative use
Predicative use of Gerundiva found well since only in Latin. Will it needed there predicative, it denotes certain verbs with an object in the accusative ( or passive construction in a subject in the nominative case ) the intent or purpose.
Example:
- Do tibi Litteras Legendas - I give you to read the letters
Is it used as a predicate noun, it signals a commitment ( " notio necessitatis "), a prohibition or a possibility, this is the gerunds in copula with eating.
Examples:
- Liber legendus est - The book must be read / must read it
- Pacta sunt servanda - treaties must be respected
- Ceterum censeo Carthage, eat delendam ( Cato ) - By the way, I think that Carthage must be destroyed
A dating can be used to determine the agent of the obligation ( Dativus auctoris ):
- Liber est nobis legendus - About Us is the book -to-read one. or We need to read the book.