Green Sandpiper
Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus )
The Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus ) is a species of the family of the Waders. We distinguish between no subspecies. The Green Sandpiper is a breeding bird of the boreal forest zone of Eurasia, which breeds in Central Europe, including in Germany and Poland. During the migration period, it can also be observed by the thousands on the North Sea coast.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 External links
- 7.3 Notes and references
Features
The 21 to 24 cm long Green Sandpiper is between 50 and 80 g in weight and has a wingspan of 41-46 cm. He has a plump body shape and a long blackish beak. The plumage is dark brown on top and shows a rahmfarbenes spot pattern that is weak in winter. Head and neck have gray-brown strokes lungs. The wide, white tail and the black- banded tail are characteristic of the bird. In flight, the white tail can be seen with dark Endbinden and the dark underwing.
More detailed information on mortality are not available. The highest occupied by recaptures ages 11 years and 11 years and 6 months.
Occurrence
The Green Sandpiper breeds in summer in the coniferous forest zone of Eastern Germany and Scandinavia to eastern Siberia. He lives in large, damp swamp forests and bogs. The stay in the breeding area is limited to the breeding season and often lasts only two months. During migration they are found even in the smallest, usually covered with long waterholes. The winter is spent in Central Europe, but mainly in Central Africa and southern Asia. In Germany it is usually found as a migrant. At the Aller river (tributary of the Weser) he is (probably a copy ) since about 2004 remained during the breeding season was observed ( at page 2 currently the reactivated waters ).
The Green Sandpiper is a short-to long-distance migrant. Its wintering sites include the Atlantic Western Europe, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, tropical Africa, Arabia and South Asia. Also in Central Europe wintering Green Sandpiper regularly and are then in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. Individual wintering Green Sandpiper are also observed further east. The emigration of Scandinavian breeding birds begins in June and so unusually early. In the tropical regions of Africa wintering birds arrive there from the beginning of August. In September, they are already very frequently observed in tropical Africa. The retreat begins in March and also in central Europe wintering birds leave their winter quarters from March or beginning of April.
The train takes place on a broad front through the interior, where it largely resides in freshwater. Larger accumulations of individual lay-bys or its wintering sites are not observed.
Habitat
The Green Sandpiper breeds in wooded bogs, wet fraction and riparian forests and wooded shores of standing and slowly flowing waters. Outside the breeding season it is found in a variety of water types of the inland. It is then also to be found in small water bodies such as cattle troughs, Torfstichen, meadow ditches and canal banks.
Behavior
The crepuscular Green Sandpiper teeters constantly with the tail and when flying up or on the train, the call is a loud " tnuit - tuit - tuit ". It feeds on aquatic insects, crustaceans and small fish.
Reproduction
The Green Sandpiper can breed in the 1st year of life, most Erstbrüter but are already in the second year. Green Sandpiper lead a monogamous marriage season.
Unlike most Regenpfeiferartigen it breeds not directly on the ground, but mostly occupied old chokes esters. But also be used as the nests of wood pigeons, crows, jays and squirrels. Very rarely, he also breeds on or near the ground or in tree hollows. The onset of lay in Central Europe from the middle / end of April, in Scandinavia, however, usually in May and further north even often only in June. The clutch consists of three to four eggs. These are top-shaped with a greenish to yellow color. The laying interval is a maximum of two days, the incubation period of 22 to 24 days. At the incubation, both parents birds are involved, in which the male incubates at night only. The slip of the young birds is carried out unusually fast and is usually completed in 30 to 180 minutes. The egg shells are carried away by the parents birds immediately.
The young birds can leave an hour after hatching, the nest already, but usually this is done until the next day. The young birds are lured here by the parents birds to jump. The execution time is about 26 to 28 days.
Stock
Population trends and current inventory
Until the 1950s, the Green Sandpiper bred almost exclusively east of the Oder. Since then, there has been a significant change in the stock situation in Central Europe. While there was a substantial decline in stocks in Poland, it is since the 1960s to an area expansion and population increase in northern and eastern Germany. Breeding pairs were first observed in Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony and Schleswig -Holstein to the south. Since the 1970s, the Green Sandpiper is also a breeding bird in Brandenburg, Saxony -Anhalt and Sachensen. In Austria there since the 1980s breeding season observations. In Denmark, the Green Sandpiper was first observed in 1956, the mid-1990s was the breeding pair number fifty to sixty breeding pairs. In Finland, the Green Sandpiper has extended its breeding grounds to the north and now breeds including in Lapland, in Russia it is also a breeding bird on the Kola island.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the European breeding population is estimated at 330000-800000 breeding pairs. Among the European countries with more than 10,000 breeding pairs are Russia (European part, 200000-600000 breeding pairs ), Belarus, Estonia, Finland ( 70000-100000 breeding pairs ), Latvia and Norway. In Central Europe, brooding about 5700-11000 breeding pairs Despite the population decline, Poland has 5,000 to 10,000 breeding pairs, the largest central European inventory on. In Germany brood 650-1050 breeding pairs.
Inventory forecasts
The Green Sandpiper is considered as almost all Schnepf runners as one of the species that will be particularly affected by climate change. A research team, commissioned by the British Environment Agency and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the future diffusion trend of European breeding birds examined on the basis of climate models, assumes that by the end of the 21st century significantly shrink the distribution area of forest water strider and will shift to the north. The distribution of areas south of the 60th parallel will provide no suitable habitat more for this species. According to this forecast, the Green Sandpiper will disappear as breeding birds in Central Europe. New potential distribution areas occur on the Arctic coasts of Norway and Russia, to the south of Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard. However, this area of the complex gains can not offset losses further south.