Haplogroup E-M96

Haplogroup E is a human genetics Haplogroup of the Y chromosome.

This haplogroup is divided into two subgroups: E1 (or E - P147 ), distinguished by the SNP mutation P147, and E2 (or E -M75 ), distinguished by M75.

E1 is further divided into subgroups:

E1a (formerly E1), distinguished by M33 and M132. Of this there are two further subgroups:

E1a1 (or E -M44, formerly E1a )
E1a2 (or E -P110 )

E1b, distinguished by P177. It contains two particularly large subgroups:

E1b1 (formerly E3). E1b1 is further divided into subgroups

Haplogroup E1b1a (formerly E3a )
Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly E3b )

E1b2 (formerly E4)

E2 is rarely found, but still has two subgroups:

E2a M41/P210
E2b M54, M90, M98. This strain contains E2b1 (E - M85 ), formerly known as E2b2, and its subgroups.

E1 and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, only E1b1b comes in significant numbers in Europe and western Asia before. Most sub-Saharan Africans belong to the haplogroup E, while Europeans rather its subgroup members E1b1b.

Haplogroup E seems to have originated in East Africa, as measured by the density and diversity of the current population in this neighborhood. Indeed, haplogroup E is however related to D, which is however not common in Africa and so leaves open whether E was not created in the Middle and the Middle East, and came back through colonization back to Africa. In fact, Stephen Oppenheimer believes that the first humans left Africa for the first time successfully in the influence area of the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Yemen. That would mean that the haplogroup DE reached Yemen, while D emigrated to Southeast Asia and E in Arabia moved.

Subgroups

Branches of haplogroup E close E1a, E2, E1b1a (M2) and E1b1b with a ( M35 ).

E1a: E1a ( M33 ) originated in West Africa, and today this haplogroup exists in the area of Mali. In one study (15/ 44) of the Malian men Y-chromosome haplogroup E1a -M33 were found in a sample of 34%. Haplogroup E1a is also in samples of Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis from, in Burkina Faso, northern Cameroon, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, and in Calabria found (including the Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region ). The low density of E1a in North Africa and in Europe ( less than 4% ) is generally attributed to the slave trade, as it is characteristic in West African populations.

E1b1 is a branch of E1b and is the most common subgroup of E. branches into two Haupthaplogruppen: E1b1b ( M35 ) about 24-27000 years ago ( Cruciani et al 2004. ), Followed by E1b1a (M2 ) some 10,000 years later. The subgroups are ...

E1b1a is almost exclusively Western, Central, South, and East Africa associated with. It is the most common Y haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as among African-Americans and West Indians. Outside of Africa, it was observed only at low density and their distribution is generally attributed to the slave trade.

E1b1b is the most common Y haplogroup among Ethiopians, Somalis, inhabitants of Eritrea and North African Berbers and Arabs. It is the third most common haplogroup in Europe. It also occurs in high density in the Middle East, from where it spread to the Balkans and the rest of Europe. E1b1b has three different subgroups: M78, M81 and M34.

E1b1b1a (E - M78 ): M78 is found throughout North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as in the Middle East and Europe. The distribution mesh is structured geographically. The α - cluster is assigned to Europe, where it is most prevalent in the Balkans. It has a density of 23.8 % among Greeks and about 47 % in the Peloponnese region in Greece, a density of about 25 % among Albanians, 46 % among Kosovo Albanians, and a density of about 20 % in some southern Slavic populations ( Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians ). Under Jewish E1b1b is the second most frequent Y- haplogroup according to the haplogroup J (Y- DNA) both in Europe and in the Middle East. β - and γ - clusters are assigned to North and Northeast Africa. The fourth δ - cluster is indeed but found in all regions with low density. Cruciani suggests that it was the δ cluster that spread M78 mutation in North and Northeast Africa, the Middle East and later in Europe, c. 14 KYA. It was only later population expansions of α -, β - and γ clusters ( which differ significantly from the δ - cluster), which led to the proliferation of E1b1b.

In East Africa it seems that the subgroup M34 confined only to Ethiopia. However, the M34 chromosomes have been found in a large majority of the populations of the Middle East. M34 chromosomes from Ethiopia show less variation among themselves than the more closely related the Middle East and are in M34 dissemination mesh. Thus it is assumed that M34 chromosomes have been introduced from the Middle East from Ethiopia.

E1b1b1b (E - M81 ): M81, the Hauptsubgruppe of E1b1b, is concentrated in North Africa particularly on Berber and Arab populations in this region. M81 is also, though found in low density of 1.6-4 %, in the Iberian Peninsula. Cruciani writes his presence in Spain to a modern migration of M81 bearing peoples of the Maghreb. Maybe she agrees with the Islamic conquest of Spain.

Scholars such as Hammer et al. and Semino et al. have attributed to an ancient migration from East Africa through North African and Middle Eastern farmers during the Neolithic the spread of E1b1b in Europe. The prevalence of α - cluster the subgroup M78 in Europe, Cruciani turned out, had been spread by people who were resident in South Eastern Europe, possibly. Response to the arrival of the Neolithic agriculture on cultural contacts with the Middle East In Europe, they possibly came directly from the North and Northeast Africa. Thus, its distribution is not attributable to a uniform process of hiking a single Middle Eastern society, but rather a number of different migrations.

E2 ( M75 ) is under Subsaharaafrikanern in the West and in East Africa available. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South Africans, with Kenyans and Bantu. A mean concentration of this haplogroup was in samples in Burkina Faso, in Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda, at the Fon from Benin, Iraqw from Tanzania, [note 1], with unidentified South African Khoisan, Sudan, northern Cameroon and Senegal found, as well as in smaller density in Qatar, Oman and Ethiopia in the n - Oromo samples.

The low presence of haplogroup E2 for residents of Oman and Qatar (<5 %) and Oromo (< 2%) are attributable to the slave trade and the Bantu expansion, as was typical in the western, central, southern and south-eastern African populations.

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