Hebei
- Total - Contribution to PRC
187.7 thousand km ² 1.98%
- Total 2010 - Density
70.34 million inhabitants 359 inhabitants / km ²
Hebei (Chinese河北, Pinyin Hebei, formerly Ho -pei or Hopei transcribed ) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. The abbreviation for the province name is Ji (冀), derived from the prefecture Ji, in which the province was once.
Zhili (Chinese直隶/直隶, Pinyin Zhili, W.-G. Chih -li ) was before 1928 the old name of Hebei, when the province was directly subordinate to the imperial court.
The province has an area of 187,700 km ² and a population of 67.44 million. The name composed of hé (河- "river" ) and (北- "North" ), means " north of the river " and refers to the Yellow River ( Huang He ).
Hebei surrounds the cities of Beijing and Tianjin. In the northeast, Hebei borders the province of Liaoning in the north to Inner Mongolia, to the west of Shanxi, Henan to the south and southeast of Shandong. In the east, Hebei is bordered by the Yellow Sea.
History
The plains of Hebei were the home of Peking man, a subspecies of Homo erectus 450,000 years ago.
Since the 5th year of the reign (1406) of Emperor Yongle and during the Qing dynasty was called the province " In Zhili " (北 直隶in Zhili Pei Chih -li, North Zhili ' ), formerly transcribed Petschili or Pe - Chih-li, and was直隶, Zhili, governed directly ' ( by the Imperial Court ). After the fall of the Empire was (Nick) Zhili, the home province of some generals, a faction of the ruling in Beijing Northern militarists. In 1928 the name was changed to its present name, to express that it is an ordinary province.
After the occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932, Hebei was the buffer zone between the Nationalist Kuomintang in Beijing and the Japanese, who in 1933 occupied the northern neighboring provinces of Rehe and Chahar: 1935 the Japanese were in Tongzhou Chinese from collaborating militarists formed a military council of the autonomous Eastern Hebei, according to the Tongzhou incident 1937-1945 Hebei and Beijing were occupied by Japanese troops.
As part of the administrative reorganization of the People's Republic of China after 1949 the province to Chengde ( Jehol ) and was Zhangjiakou ( Kalgan ), the former capitals of the defunct provinces deer and Chahar enlarged.
On 28 July 1976, the city of Tangshan was struck by a violent earthquake, with a series of smaller quakes in the course of the entire decade. According to official records a total of 240,000 people died (see Tangshan Earthquake 1976).
Administrative Divisions
Hebei is made up of eleven prefecture-level cities:
- Baoding (保定市: Bǎodìng shì ) with Anguo
- Cangzhou (沧州 市: Cangzhou shì )
- Chengde (承德 市: Chengde shì )
- Handan (邯郸 市: Handan shì )
- Hengshui (衡水 市: Héngshuǐ shì )
- Langfang (廊坊 市: Lángfáng shì )
- Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛 市: Qínhuángdǎo shì )
- Shijiazhuang (石家庄 市: Shijiazhuang shì )
- Tangshan (唐山 市: Tangshan shì )
- Xingtai (邢台 市: Xingtai shì )
- Zhangjiakou (张家口 市: Zhāngjiākǒu shì )
The prefecture-level cities there are a total turn out of 36 districts, 108 districts, 6 autonomous counties ( three for the Manchus, two for the Hui and Mongols and Manchus for ) districts, 22 cities. Governor of the province since 2011 Zhang Qingwei.
Geography
The provincial capital is called Shijiazhuang.
Other large cities are Baoding, Chengde, Handan, Qinhuangdao, Tangshan and Zhangjiakou.
Hebei is bounded on the north by the Yanshan (mountain Yan) and to the west by the Taihang Shan ( Mount Taihang ). In the southeast there are three levels that are part of the North China Plain.
In the province there are rich deposits of coal and iron ore.
Hebei has a continental monsoon climate with an annual rainfall of 400 to 800 mm. In the summer there are often heavy rainfall.
Economy
The economy of Hebei based primarily on agriculture. The main products are cereals (mainly wheat, maize, sorghum) and cotton. Hebei is China's major cotton producer. Besides thrive peanuts, soybeans and sesame.
The industry of Hebei mainly comprises spinning cotton, coal processing, steel industry, iron industry, metal processing, chemical, petroleum and electronics industries, ceramics and food industry.
Demography and autonomy
From the determined census in 2000 66.684.419 inhabitants in Hebei province were 95.65 % Han Chinese. Took second place with 3.18% of the population, the Manchus, third the Hui Muslim with more than 0.8%. The four set up for the Manchu minority autonomous counties ( Fengning, Kuancheng, Qinglong, Weichang ) - three of them in the management unit Chengde ( Qinglong belongs to Qinhuangdao ) - but make 12.3% of the provincial area from opposite the two for the Hui established autonomous circles Dachang ( Langfang ) and Mengcun ( Cangzhou ), which comprise only 0.3 % of the area.
Noteworthy are still Mongols who are resident mainly in the northern Hebei and make up about 0.25 % of the population. They share with the Manchu autonomous county Weichang ( 4.8% of the province area). Of the 56 officially recognized nationalities in China is only one not represented among the population of Hebei.
Traffic
Hebei has the densest network of national highways and railway lines. Shijiazhuang and Shanhaiguan are the two main railway hubs of the province. Qinhuangdao is one of the most important ports in northern China, while Shijiazhuang is the air traffic center.
Tourism
In Shanhaiguan, near Qinhuangdao, the end of the Great Wall. It passes through the northern part of the province. The Shanhaiguan is the most important pass in the east of the Great Wall. At the eaves of the east gate a wooden panel hangs with the inscription: " First door on earth" ( Tianxia diyin guan ). It was made in 1472 by a graduate of the imperial examinations.
The Chengde City with its temples is a World Heritage Site by the United Nations. Chengde, formerly known as the Jehol (also deer = hot river ) is known, is 250 kilometers northeast of Beijing. Here was located in the Qing Dynasty, the Summer Palace of the Emperor, where he resided with his court of May to October. The complex covers 5.6 square kilometers and is widely watchable as the Palace Museum in Beijing. There are 9 yards, 11 Lamaist temples, gardens and pavilions. The temples are replicas of famous temples from all over China, for example, from Tibet.