Hordes of the Jochid Ulus

The term Blue Horde ( Tatar: Qüq Urda, Mongolian: Qöq Orda ) denotes a Mongolian Khanate on the Volga. This was under the direct descendants of Batu Khan († 1255 ) and his brothers.

However, the color name was not clear in the course of history, so sometimes the related Siberian Khanate is referred to as the Blue Horde. In Western sources, however, dominates the above allocation.

History

The Blue Horde was founded during the 13th century, when the Mongols and parts of the allies, the Turkic peoples settled on the Volga. It was the most important part of the later Golden Horde due to the direct rule of the Russian principalities.

The progenitor of the dynasty was Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan († 1227 ). Jochi had since about 1207, " Khan on the forest peoples and the West Country" and his sphere of influence encompassed over mong. Conquests (eg 1223 Battle of the Kalka ) West Siberia and the areas of the Caspian Sea. His second son was Batu ( by waiving Orda ) his successor and led 1236-40 campaigns in the areas of Kievan Rus. After that he settled on the Volga and trained there his own horde, the Blue Horde, while the eastern half remained under the rule of his elder brother Orda.

Under this so-called Batu's successors Blue Horde on the Volga was determined up to the prevailing power and since then their history from that of the White Horde Orda and Scheibanis in Siberia differs. So were the princes of the Blue Horde to about 1357/59 supremacy over every aspect of the " Ulus Jochi ".

First economic center of the empire was Bolgar on the Volga. This was on the Kamazufluss - below the present Kazan - and had previously been the capital of the Volga Bulgarian Empire. In the 1240ern to Batu settled along the lower reaches of the Volga, where he founded the city of Sarai, the after a long time was the capital of the Blue Horde. As of 1342, founded by Berke new or Berke - Sarai became the capital of the Blue Horde. Both cities lay at nodes important traffic routes. Thus began in the 70s and 80s of the 13th century, on the lower reaches of the Volga ( Sarai / New Sarai, etc.) an extensive coinage, the displaced those of the middle reaches of the Volga ( Bolgar, etc.), and with the one from the Black Sea region (Crimea ) competed.

The rulers were still striving for some time to maintain the old nomadic traditions. So they resided only in the winter in their palaces while they lived in the summer months in the vast Russian steppes in yurts.

Soon after the death of Batu ( 1255 ) continued his younger brother Berke († 1267 ) as ruler by. Berke was the first Islamic Khan of the Blue Horde, broke away from the Great Khan and went to a 1261 political- economic alliance with the Mamlukenreich in Egypt that persisted well into the 14th century. Also Batu Khan's grandson Mangu Timur and Tuda Möngke participated in the 1270ern of Islam, which, however, only in the 14th century was able to prevail under Uzbek Khan finally in the country.

After Dschani Beg 's death in 1357, there were disputes about the succession, ie Khans changed every one to two years and Batu's descendants died in the 1360s after several assassination attempts from. Emirs as Mamai became independent and the Siberian Horde tried to establish their candidates on the Volga. Similarly, broke away other parts of the empire, especially from Russia under Dmitry Donskoy ( 1380 Battle of Kulikovo Pole). Only in 1380 was the Blue Horde - now under the rule of Toqtamisch - combined with the remaining Tatar khanates ( again ). This Mongolian total territory called the Russians, due to the wealth, " Golden Horde ". This name should then replace the former territorial terms " Blue Horde ", "White Horde ", " Ulus Kipchaks ", " Ulus Jochi ," and so final.

The khans of the Golden Horde to 1359

  • Batu Khan (1236) -1255
  • Sartaq 1255-1256
  • ( Ulaqchi 1256)
  • Berke 1256-1267
  • Mangu Timur 1267-1280
  • Tuda Möngke 1280-1287
  • Tulabugha (1287) -1291
  • Tohtu 1291-1312
  • Uzbek 1312-1342
  • Tini Beg 1342
  • Dschani Beg 1342-1357
  • Berdi Beg 1357-1359

Comments

  • North Asian History
  • Central Asian History
Volga River Battle of the Kalka River Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan Sarai (city) Tokhtamysh Sartaq Khan Ulaghchi Talabuga
131776
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