Inland navigation

IWT is the most professional / entrepreneurial navigation on inland waterways and inland waterways, ie rivers, canals and lakes in the area of freight and passenger transport. Some of the recreational boating also takes place within the IWT sector. Inland navigation has evolved from the rafting on Treidelschifffahrt and steamship to motor navigation ( see also History of the inland waterways). As in the maritime sector there are in the inland navigation a variety of ship types.

Navigable waters had formerly a more important than today. Large rivers and their tributaries dominated economies (see also geography of Europe # rivers ), list of rivers in Europe. For example, wore the European watershed (between the German rivers that flow into the North and Baltic Sea and the river system of the Danube, which flows into the Black Sea) to a separation between the Danube countries and other European countries. One reason was that the transport was very cumbersome and slow by other means (eg carts, pulled by animals or humans ). One indication of the importance of the inland waterway before the advent of the railroad is that it was a special commission to the Congress of Vienna, which dealt only with issues of river navigation.

Waterways, buildings, ports

Significantly inland waterways in Germany, especially on the rivers Rhine, Main, Danube, Moselle, Neckar, Weser, Elbe, Oder and Havel as well as on various channels such as the Mittelland Canal, the Elbe- Havel Canal, the Elbe Lateral Canal, the Main -Danube Canal, the Oder- Havel Canal, the Rhine -Herne Canal, the Dortmund -Ems Canal, the dates -Hamm canal and the Wesel- dates channel. The last -mentioned three channels meet in Europe's biggest canal junction in dates. In Germany there are about 7,300 km of inland waterways, 75% of rivers and 25% of channels. This includes 335 locks, 280 weirs, three boat lifts, two dams, and about 1,300 bridges. According to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development ( BMVBS) have 56 of the 74 German metropolitan regions via waterways. A port for the inland waterway called inland port. The city's port is the largest inland port in Europe (see Category: Place with inland port ).

Cargo shipping

Cargo ships transport goods, especially container, coal and ores, agricultural products, petroleum and petroleum products, sand and gravel, steel and scrap, as well as dangerous goods.

2006 was the (since 1991) best year in goods transport by inland waterways of Germany; especially in the last quarter was characterized by a strong demand for transport. Transport volume amounted to 243.5 million tonnes in 2006; these were 2.8% more than in 2005. inland on German vessels thereof were transported 82.0 million tonnes ( 33.7 %). The freight traffic thus 64.0 billion tkm.

The year 2009 was marked by an economic crisis; the amount in freight transport by inland waterways in Germany amounted to 204.5 million tonnes ( compared to 2008 with 245 700 000 t = 16.8% less than last year ). The value was thus about as low as the mid-1960s (values from the Federal Republic and the GDR together).

In 2013 the transport quantity of the German inland navigation was again at 227 million tonnes.

In rail transport accounted for 2006 freight from 346.2 million tonnes ( 9.1 %) and road transport 3315.9 million tonnes ( 5.9 %). The share of IWT in total road freight, inland transport modes in Germany in 2006 was 10.3%.

The development in the sub-markets was different. Container traffic in 2006 was 2.08 million TEUs ( 20 -foot containers ), 2009 to just under 1.9 Mio.TEU and thus lower by 8% on the previous year.

The freight volume for the different types of goods in 2006 was as follows:

Under German flag 322,000 TEUs, or 15.5%, were driven from this total. Of this total, the domestic traffic of 182,000 TEU and to the cross-border transport 1.898 million TEUs.

Fahrgastschifffahrt

The importance of passenger ships has increased on some inland waters as a tourist transport. Meantime (as 20xx ) run on German waters around 1000 passenger ships carrying about 10 million passengers annually. The fleet of the cabin passenger ships for cruises on inland waters (" river cruise " ) has grown.

Ferries complement to rivers and canals are far apart bridges by public transport connections. Also on elongated lakes they spare detours.

Large inland shipping companies are inter alia

DDSG (Vienna)
KD Köln- Düsseldorf

In the area of the Middle Rhine, there are many medium-sized passenger nautical companies in Passau, the shipping company Wurm & Köck is located.

No. 1 in Europe take the Swiss one with their ships, the market leader in Germany, the Swiss shipping company Viking River Cruises.

Since April 2005, the Biesboschcentrum operates in Dordrecht (Netherlands), the disabled passenger boat Halve Maen, the first boot with hybrid drive (diesel engine, electric motor, solar cells and storage batteries ) as standard. In the Alster waterways ( ATG) in Hamburg runs next to the solar boat " Alster Sun " driven by fuel cells and electric motor passenger ship " shandy " ( Zemships ).

Supply and disposal of inland vessels

Previously drove to supply the barges with fresh provisions, the provisions boats. These were small floating mom and pop shops. Besides food and everyday products we also got clothing and equipment for the ship. By now, almost all provisions boats have disappeared from the waterways, as today every ship has a power supply and so are refrigerators on board.

Since a ship can not just go to a gas station, there is the bunker boats. These go while driving alongside and supply the ships with fuel, water, oil and on pre-order with spare parts and materials that are necessary for the maintenance of ships. In some cities, there are also solid bunker and service stations. There you can now also food, drinks and newspapers buy.

For disposal of oily waste, such as cleaning rags, used oil filters and oil-contaminated bilge water bilge drive the boats. This pump from the bilge water and waste oil. The bilge water is collected on board and cleaned or disposed of properly. On board each ship a book about the consumption of lubricants must be kept. It will be reviewed by the Water Police, and compared with the entries in the bilge book.

Even spiritual support there is on the waterways for the crews. In Duisburg drive two church boats ( ev. / Cath. ). On board next devotions also baptisms and marriages take place. On religious holidays, small gifts are distributed to the children of the boatmen.

Operation forms

In the German inland navigation 2005 (as at 30 June 2005), 8,116 people were employed. 3,977 persons were it the commercial inland waterways of 3,669 Fahrgastschifffahrt assign. In the commercial group were 844 ship owners, 3,367 mobile workers and on the land side 610 employees. In a boat trip on the number of shipowners was 395, the mobile workers 2,908 and the landside make 761 people.

With 1,280 companies at 30 June 2005 was recorded a growth of 7.7 % over 2004. But while the dry cargo vessels decreased by 1.3% to 663 companies that passenger ships, an increase of 22.6% grew by 70 companies to 380. In the tanker sector accounted for 207 companies, a change of 12.5 % over the previous year. In the Towage were 55 and recorded in the factory shipping 28 companies.

Mode shapes in the inland regulate the daily driving and rest periods depending on vessel size and manning. Governed by the Inland Vessel Inspection Regulations (new 6 December 2008). Thereby following rules apply for Navigation on the Rhine ( Chapter 4, Annex XI Loadline ):

A1 allows the drive up to 14 hours and an uninterrupted rest period of at least 8 hours outside the ride, 22-6 clock. This is valid for seven days a week, 365 days a year.
A2 allows the drive up to 18 hours and 6 hours of rest 23-5 clock.
B allows the drive up to 24 hours and a rest period of 24 hours within 48 hours, of which 6 hours must be twice continuously.

Currently, the European industry, represented by the employers' associations of the European associations ESO and EBU European trade unions under the supervision of the EU Commission in Brussels preliminary to the " social dialogue " leads. With the final negotiations on working time regulation is to be started from October 2007 (duration then a maximum of one year ).

German inland fleet in 2009

The German inland fleet consisted of 31 December 2009 a total of 4726 inland Units:

In 1969 there were in Germany still 6,765 cargo ships with a total of 4.135 million metric tons (t ) carrying capacity. The average age of today (calculated 2006 ) in-service motor cargo vessels is 54.5 years ( 1976 = 44.0 ). The motor tankers have an average age of 29.23 years. 1976 it was 17.5 years ( all figures are from ELWIS, the Federal Statistical Office and the published in the April 2010 annual report to the Central inland stock index of the ESC Southwest, Mainz).

Inland navigation in Europe

In Western Europe, 15,000 vehicles in the inland waterways are currently reported without auxiliary and supply vehicles. (As of January 2008)

The Netherlands has the largest share of inland waterway transport in Europe. The freighter fleet consists of 8,600 units, of which 5,000 cargo ships, 1,000 tugs and pusher boats and 920 passenger ships. There are also approximately 1,700 barges, work boats and other floating craft. Transport volume amounted to 2005 330 million tonnes, of which 65 million tonnes of dangerous goods. The cargo ships with a total tonnage of 6.5 million tonnes. 25 years ago there were more cargo ships, but the tonnage was lower. The inland waterway fleet has been rejuvenated by the shipowners financially attractive subsidies for scrapping. In the inland waterways around 15,000 people are employed. The Netherlands has a waterway network of 5,046 kilometers, which is navigable by ships of more than 50 tonnes.

Austria has the DDSG Cargo has the largest shipping company in Western and Central Europe, the transport volume is the nation's 10.2 million tonnes. The length of the navigable Danube in Austria is 350 kilometers. Here are reported 190 vehicles.

Another important internal shipping nation Belgium is mentioned. The fleet consists of approximately 1,300 units, but which are also quite outdated. Since 2000, the number of new buildings is increasing.

France ranks fourth among the IWT countries in Europe. It has over 8,500 kilometers of navigable waterways, but these are only 1080 km for vessels up to 95 x 11.4 m usable. The total transport volume was in the year 2000 56 million tonnes, which corresponds to a share of 3% of total domestic transport. The total number of barges was 2008 2069, of which 1126 engine cargo ships, 70 inland tankers, 196 push boats, three tugs and 674 barges with a total capacity of over 1.3 million tons. In the Rhône -Saône basin around 70 large ships operate at an average capacity of 1800 tons and in the Seine basin 470 large vessels with an average of 1100 tons deadweight.

In Switzerland, 111 units are registered: 18 cargo ships, 45 tankers, seven push boats, a motor tractor and 39 passenger ships. The average size of cargo ships of 1836 tons, and the tankers 2280 tons, so that Switzerland has the largest average fleet on the Rhine.

Luxembourg has 83 barges, including 26 cargo ships, 27 tankers, 20 tugs and pusher boats and two cargo barges and two barges. The average size of cargo ships of 1031 tons, and 1745 tons of tankers.

Poland, with 921 barges number two in Eastern and Central Europe. The fleet consists of 98 carriers with an average of 500 tons deadweight and 233 pushing boats, 467 barges, 14 tugs engine, four barges and 05 passenger ships.

Romania has the largest fleet of 2107 ships in the Danube area. Inventory 2008: 32 cargo ships ( 565 t), five tankers ( 1128 t), 124 push boats, 365 motor tractor, 54 Schub-/Schleppboote, 735 barges (1814 t) and 792 barges (500 tonnes) of which 96 tank barges. In parentheses are the average size is specified.

In Central and Eastern Europe 5,861 ships are reported, of which 1,396 in Romania and 1,302 in Poland.

The total length of inland waterways in Europe is 39.5 thousand km.

Inland waterways in Russia

The Russian Federation has 102,000 km of navigable waterways with 125 ports, all of which have good access to the rail and road network. Most of the inland navigation takes place in the European part of Russia. The main rivers are the Volga, Neva, Svir, Don and Dnepr. The rivers are connected with each other through various channels, such as the White Sea - Baltic Canal, the Volga - Baltic Canal, the Volga - Don Canal and the Moscow - Volga Canal. The roadway width and depth as well as locks and bridge clearance are good. This river and canal system is the Unified Deep Water System of Russia ( UDWS ). Overall, the UDWS is 6500 km long and is a guaranteed draft of 3.6 m for vessels of 5,000 tons capacity passable. It connects the Baltic Sea, Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the northern Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Less than four percent of all goods are transported via inland waters. 2004 136 million tonnes of goods were transported 30 million passengers. In the record year 1998 580 million tons were transported. After a decline mid-1990s to 100 million tonnes, the transport volume has been increasing since 1999. Approximately 1,600 companies are active in the freight and passenger shipping.

The Russian domestic fleet consists of approximately 29,000, of which 15,000 cargo ships with an average loading capacity of 850 tonnes and 12.7 million tonnes total. The 950 passenger ships can accommodate 140,000 passengers. In the last 15 years the entire fleet has shrunk by about 20 %.

Of particular importance are the 1100 flow - seagoing vessels with a size of 1400-5500 tonnes deadweight. With them in 2004 about 30 million tonnes were transported. More than 90 % of which was attributable to the major shipping lines North -West Shipping, White Sea - Onega Shipping, shipping company Volga and Wolgotanker. These vessels can be used throughout the year. In winter, when the rivers and lakes are frozen, they are used in the maritime domain.

IWT outside Europe

China

China has 123,964 kilometers of navigable waterways, ports 1300 and has a fleet of 194 352 ships. Approximately 60% of waterways are navigable for vessels over 50 m, 6.5% for ships over 1,000 tons capacity and 10% for vessels under 500 tons. All ships have a combined cargo capacity of 30 million tonnes and 900,000 passengers.

The three largest rivers are the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the Grand Canal. The Yangtze River ( 6378 km ) connects Central and Southwest China with Shanghai. 795 million tonnes over the Yangtze River are transported annually, equivalent to approximately 80 % of all goods in inland waterways transport. In 2003, approximately 3 million containers were transported.

USA

In the United States 18 % of the cargo volume transported over waterways. For inland waterway transport plays an important role in the United States. You have 300 ports where 2 billion annually tons are handled in the four major ports is 200 million tons. The waterway network has a length of 17,700 km with 192 locks. Many waterways are connected to the Great Lakes.

Inland navigation has only limited growth opportunities. The locks are usually only 138 meters long and arise waiting times up to 30 hours. Thus, the IWT is not a reliable transport partner. While there are plans to expand the waterways, but there are only limited funds available and the problems for an environmentally friendly development are great.

Container traffic is dominated by the railways and the transport of coal and ores is declining. The government seeks to shift the transport of dangerous goods increasingly on shipping.

In the U.S., the biggest push associations take up to 40 barges on the lower Mississippi River, but the Light are smaller than on the Rhine. They are 59 m long and 10.6 m wide and have a load capacity of 1,500 t. In the area of the Mississippi about 17,000 Light are reported. The strongest push boat has over 10,000 hp.

Comparison with other transport modes

In Europe, an average of 5 % of the transportation service is provided by IWT. In some European countries, however, the percentage is higher in the internal volume of transport. In Germany it is about 10.1%, 14.3% in Belgium and the Netherlands even 14.9%. The goods transport by inland navigation on waterways is in third place behind the volume of transport on the road and on the track.

IWT is against road and rail in the energy consumption of the most economical mode of transport. A ship of 1000 tons capacity transported as much as forty truck or a freight train. A push boat with two 1,700 kW consumes 500 liters of diesel oil per hour into the trip to the mountain and can push four Light with a payload of 10,000 t. This means at an average speed of 10 km / h consumption of 0.5 liters per 100 tonne-kilometers (tkm ). In driving without cargo to the valley is not driven at full power. Then such a push boat consumes only 300 liters per hour.

Average consumed inland waterways for 100 tonne-kilometers about 1.3 liters of diesel, the web is about 1.7 liters and truck traffic around 4.1 liters.

According to a study by the Ministry of Environment Flanders, external environmental costs for noise (day and night), infrastructure for fuel production, vehicle and air pollution amount to the ship 7.5 cents per 1000 tonne-kilometers, the truck without traffic jam 22 cents and with storage 23, 5 cents. The accident figures are tkm in Flanders at 7 accidents / billion, on the Rhine at 11 and on the road at 150 accidents / billion tkm. Barges have compared with truck transport a three to five times lower Verbrauch/CO2-Ausstoß.

Basis of inland navigation on the Rhine

The basis for the Navigation of the Rhine forms the Mannheim Act or Rhine - file. It goes back to 1868 and includes the freedom of navigation and the duty exemption through equal treatment of flags, elimination of shipping charges by driving duties, handling and stacking rights and simplified customs clearance and unified technical and shipping police regulations. Newer regulations based on this treaty.

Ordinances and regulations

In the inland there are a number of ordinances and police regulations:

The Inland Waterways Regulations ( BinSchStrO ) regulates traffic on inland waterways.
The Regulation on ship safety in inland navigation ( Inland Vessel Inspection Regulation - Loadline ) includes rules on the construction and equipment of ships.
Bodensee order
Danube Navigation Police Regulations ( DonauSchPV )
Mosel police regulation ( MoselSchPV )
Rhine Navigation Police Regulations ( RheinSchPV )
Regulation on security personnel in the passenger shipping (FSV)
Regulation on Certificates of Competency in inland waterway transport ( navigation certificate regulation - BinSchPatentV )
Ordinance on the national and cross-border transport of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland waterways ( Dangerous Goods Ordinance Road, rail and inland waterways - inland navigation )
Regulation on the limitation of emissions from diesel engines in inland navigation ( inland waterways exhaust emission regulation - BinSchAbgasV )
Cost Regulation of the Water and Shipping Administration in the field of inland waterway transport ( IWT cost regulation - BinSchKostV )
Regulation on the admission of traveling the Eder and the Diemeltalsperre and defensive power and marine police hazards ( dam regulation - TSPV )
Regulation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods ( ADN)

Regulations, guidelines and updates are posted on the Electronic Waterway Information System ELWIS.

In Switzerland, the Regulation on the navigation controls on Swiss rivers and inland waterways.

In other countries, national regulations, but partially correspond to the German regulations.

Terms of inland waterways

Smalls: In the inland parts are up to 300 tons or as cargo. For comparison, applies in a road transport up to 3 tons in the piece and in shipping are still 800 tons to be regarded as general cargo.
Partikulier: He usually has one to three ships. He is an independent contractor, has no commercial country organization, only the ship 's place of work.
Shipping company: put one 's own or other shipping space to acquire. There is a strict separation between the commercial land organization and the technical execution of the transport.
Cooperative: it is a merger of several barge and takes over the commercial organization.
Charterers: It includes the sender freight contracts and the actual carrier under contracts of carriage, so he has a double function ( carrier and shipper ). In maritime navigation, a shipper is only the waybill legitimate senders!
Cabotage transport: Name for inland transport of goods by foreign carriers
Scrappage scheme: it is one granted for the demolition of an inland vessel premium for the purpose of streamlining the structure of IWT in the European Union. By granting the premium for the owner of an inland vessel overcapacity should be degraded in the European inland waterways. The scrapping scheme was regulated by Council Regulation (EEC ) No 1101/89 of 27 April 1989 on structural improvements in inland waterway transport.
Ship's Equipment: Materials of daily use (eg paints, varnishes, Wire, Rope & Tubing, pumps, etc. )

The barges design education

Germany

The training of boatmen carried out in the dual system, the training includes on board and at school. In Germany there are two boatmen vocational schools:

Schiffer Berufskolleg RHINE in Duisburg -Homberg
Schiffer Vocational School in Beautiful Beck near Magdeburg

After the three- year training period the sailors reassessment. As a minimum age of 21 years, a journey time of four years and the evidence of a particular number of trips to participate in a patent course for obtaining the Rhine boatmen patent or patent boatmen is possible. After passing the exam, use as helmsman with patent, and later as an independent skipper takes place.

We distinguish:

Large patent - it authorize the driving of vehicles of all kinds
Small Patent - entitled to drive vehicles that are not longer than 35 m, or transport not more than twelve persons
Sport Patent - valid for sports cars that are not longer than 25 m
Kanalpenichenpatent - for Kanalpénichen between Basel and Iffezheim
Patent authorities - to drive official vehicles and fire boats

These patents allow driving 1-4 on almost all inland waterways of Zones. However, additional route knowledge must be demonstrated for different sub-areas.

See also: Loadline Rhine Patent Regulation and inland Patent Regulation

In addition to the patent, a skipper needs a voice radio certificate for FM and, according to according to his employment in the shipping industry, a radar skipper certificate (patent) and an ADNR - test ( Accord Européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par voie de Navigation du Rhin, that is: European Agreement concerning the transport of dangerous goods on the Rhine This is also in accordance with supplementary regulations on other waterways ). .

The Rhine boatmen patent may be obtained for different sections. For the distance from Duisburg to the Netherlands and Belgium, for example, the patent to Duisburg can be obtained to the open sea. For the Danube, an additional patent is required.

Austria

In Austria there is also a teaching professional boatmen and the three -year course is completed on the ship and at the vocational school Apollogasse (Vienna). By way of derogation from the otherwise largely the same German training competencies in the field of ship control are limited in Austria. The apprentice shall end on the final exam and can be sailor after further in-house training. The refinements to the ship helmsman also take place in operation or by the filing of patents.

Museums

Museum of German Inland Navigation in Duisburg
Inland Maritime Museum in Odersberg
Wahrschauer and pilotage Museum in St. Goar
Transport hub in Basel
Rafting and Marine Museum in Kamp -Bornhofen
Rhein- Museum in Koblenz
Maritime Museum in the castle tower, Dusseldorf
Rhine Museum in Emmerich am Rhein
Shipping and Shipbuilding Museum Wörth am Main
Danube nautical museum Regensburg
LWL Industrial Museum Ship Henrichenburg
Elbschiffahrtsmuseum in Lauenburg / Elbe

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