Kholuy miniature

The paint miniatures from Cholui ( миниатюра Russian Холуйская transcribed Choluiskaja miniatjura ) are traditional Russian lacquer miniature paintings on black lacquer with Eitemperafarben boxes made ​​of paper mache.

They are named after the village Cholui (Russian Холуй ) in Ivanovo, 250 km northeast of Moscow, 25 km south of Palekh. Cholui is one of the four major centers of Russian miniature painting. The other three centers are in Fedoskino (paint miniatures from Fedoskino ), Palekh ( lacquer miniatures of Palekh ) and Mstjora (paint miniatures from Mstjora ). They are located northeast of Moscow, the Golden Ring of Moscow. In these three former centers of icon painting, the paint miniatures were painted in egg tempera, which distinguished them from Fedoskino.

History

The icon painting school of Cholui was founded in 1883. This school continues the tradition of icon painting, which has been maintained there since the 16th century. The tradition of icon painting was next Cholui also common in Palekh and Mstjora, designated all three as an icon painter villages. There cheap icons for the Russian peasants were primarily created.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the workshops of the icon painters were closed. In the 1930s, a group of former icon painter founded a workshop for lacquer miniatures.

The Artist SA Mokin ( С. A. Мокин; * 1891, † 1945), W. Pusanow ( В. Пузанов ), KW Kosterin ( К. В Костерин; . * 1899, † 1985), WD - Pusanow Molew ( В.. Д Пузанов - Молев; * 1892 in Cholui; † 1961 1909-1912 studied at the Moscow Stroganov Art School ) and D. Dobrynin ( Д. Добрынин ) learned in 1932 the miniature painters of Palekh art of miniature painting on papier maché. Throughout her later work, she developed her own style: motifs from fairy tales, history, or literature, which were displayed in front of a landscape backdrop.

The lacquer miniature painting in Cholui has developed only after Palekh and Mstjora, and long after Fedoskino. AW Bakuschinski ( А. В Бакушинский, . Born April 28, 1883 in Werchni Landech; † January 9, 1939 in Moscow) and WM Vasilenko ( В. М Василенко. ), As well-known art historians of the establishment and development of the Palekh lacquer miniatures in and dJ Lorenzo had successfully promoted, stood for the miniature painter in Cholui no longer available, since the former had fallen victim to the Great Terror and the second one had also to suffer repression.

1934 was in Cholui a Artel (Cooperative) for lacquer painting gegründet.Davor it was some years a branch operation of the artel " proletarian art" of miniaturists in Mstjora been. Artel was since 1960 the " factory paint miniatures " in Holui.

1937 was exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris, where she received a bronze medal. In the following years she participated in several world exhibitions. 1943, a new school for the training of the miniaturist was founded in Cholui. After 1945, especially in the 1960s, the motifs were greatly expanded.

From the 1960s to 1980s, the miniature painting had great success from Choluoi. Well-known names from this period include NI Baburin, WA Below, BW Tichonrawow, NN Denisov and WA Krotov.

Production

The technique of making the papier maché caskets was taken by the miniature painters from Fedoskino.

The papier maché box is made by the pressing of many layers of cardboard that are soaked with linseed oil and dried until the curing of linseed oil in furnaces. After that, the box is primed with a mixture of linseed oil, carbon black and clay. Only then the actual miniature painting done by very fine brush made of squirrel hair ( squirrel hair ). The colors are produced using traditional methods. For this, the mineral color powder is mixed with egg yolk, water and vinegar. The ornaments are made of gold leaf - with the addition of cherry resin. Finally, the thumbnail is coated with several layers of lacquer. The final polishing is performed by means of a grinder tooth since it has a very smooth surface.

Special

Unlike Fedoskino, Palekh and Mstjora the lacquer painting in Cholui not started on papier maché caskets, but on groomed cardboard paper, because AW Bakuschinski had recommended to save material costs. Since it was not painted on objects, was also not the job of these to decorate with decors. Thus, the style of painting developed in Cholui more towards the panel painting. Later, however, they also went in to Cholui over, instead of painting on cardboard, on objects made of papier maché, mostly boxes, tempera colors, but retained the initially chosen style of painting in mostly. Typical motifs of this early period were: Rusalka, rosebushes or merchants

The icon painter of Cholui used, larger amounts of green shades, in contrast to the lacquer miniatures of Palekh, where traditionally more red hues were used. A special feature of her painting, the use of blue - green and brown - orange shades.

Topics on this lacquer miniatures were fairy tales (eg Snow White, Snegurochka ) and city views. Lacquer miniatures from Cholui were bound in comparison to Fedoskino, Palekh and Mstjora seemingly less to the traditions. The subjects are mostly taken from history, folklore and literature.

In Cholui creates a special form of dialogue between architecture and landscape painting, whose representatives NN Desnisow ( Н. Н Денисов; . * 1929), BI Kiseljow ( Б. И Киселёв; . * 1928), WN Sedov ( В. Н Седов. , * 1952) and W. Teplow ( В. Теплов; * 1955) were.

Typical of the paint miniatures from Cholui are long-range scenarios, thin figures, almost like the lacquer miniatures of Palekh, but a bit stronger and much finer and more delicate drawn.

Very often, figures, houses and trees are drawn on black background, as with Palekh lacquer miniatures, but pictures across and idyllic.

Presence

The state factory " Artistic factory paint miniatures " was privatized in April 1992 and has since been owned by the workers of this factory. Today the factory has about 200 employees. Much of the production is exported to the UK, the USA, Italy, Spain and Canada. The lacquer painting done mainly in caskets, but also on tablets, brooches, thimbles and other everyday objects. In addition to paint miniatures again icons and portraits are made today in Cholui.

Larger collections of lacquer miniatures from Cholui are exhibited, among others, in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg and the Museum of Russian Decorative, Applied and Folk Art in Moscow.