Mstyora miniature

The paint miniatures from Mstjora ( миниатюра Russian Мстёрская transcribed Mstjorskaja miniatjura ) are traditional Russian lacquer miniature paintings in tempera on paper mache. The subjects of the miniatures from Mstjora continued the artistic traditions of Old Russian painting and the Russian folk art. As the topics folklore, history and the present served.

Named the products of Russian arts and crafts after the village Mstjora in Vladimir Oblast, 250 km northeast of Moscow are located. The name comes from the eponymous river Mstjora Mstjora. Mstjora was called up to the 19th century Bogoyavlensky Sloboda (Russian Богоявленская слобода ). Sloboda is a suburban front of a castle, or the like. Bogojawlenie ( Богоявление ) is the manifestation of the Lord. Bogoyavlensky Sloboda was first mentioned in writing in 1628. The names similar to the Russian word master ( the master ) is purely coincidental.

In 15 km distance there is also a place Mstjora that on the railway line Kovrov - is Nizhny Novgorod. This namesake was born from the Mstjora station. On the linear path lines the stations were called after the next village. The railway lines were previously redirected only to these places when they wore the costs.

History

The icon painting influences the style of painting for the paint miniatures crucial.

DJ Lorenzo was one of the four centers of Russian lacquer miniatures, besides Fedoskino (paint miniatures from Fedoskino ), Palekh ( lacquer miniatures of Palekh ) and Cholui (paint miniatures from Cholui ). All locations are in the Golden Ring of Moscow - in the northeast. These four centers formed a close-knit community that mutually influenced and enriched, but each of the four centers retained its individual character in lacquer painting.

After the conquest of Vladimir by Tatars in 1238 many hagiographers had fled to the inaccessible forests north-east of Vladimir and sought refuge in the newly established villages Palekh, Mstjora and Cholui. Fedoskino had not this old tradition of icon painting, but this was the first center of miniature painting. There, since the 18th century black lacquer boxes were decorated.

Icon painting

The three hagiographers villages in Russia were: Palekh, Mstjora and Cholui. In the Middle Ages the art of icon painting was cultivated in Mstjora. Since dJ Lorenzo ( and Palekh ) for old Orthodox Church (Russian старовери / staroweri ) belonged whose icons were initially rejected by the official Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church.

Mstjora had among the three villages, the icon painter 's oldest traditions, as were painted here since the Middle Ages icons. Typical of Mstjora was the " Byzantine style " of icon painting, which remained in Mstjora over many centuries, until the beginning of the 20th century. The workshops of the icon painters were passed down from generation to generation in the family, almost the whole place was busy with the icon painting.

The icon painting also leads to a flowering of embroidery in Mstjora. Since according to the Russian tradition, the icon corner in the houses - similar to a family altar - were embellished with embroidery. Both crafts were reflected later settled in the paint miniatures.

Lacquer miniatures

In the years after the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War, the churches were destroyed and robbed, and with the growing anti-religious activities of the Communists no one seemed to be interested in icons.

As the Bolsheviks forbade the religious art in their fight against the churches, the hagiographers were unemployed and had to move from sacred themes of icon painting to secular representations. The painters of the three villages took up the art of miniature painting from Fedoskino.

Maxim Gorky planned 1923 exhibition on Russian folk art. The icon painter of the Vladimir region made ​​it to thumbnails. As motives they took old Russian fairy tales and literary works. Then they placed their miniatures also successful for the World Exhibition in Paris in 1925 and the exhibition in Milan. Thus, this arts and crafts established in the 1930s in Mstjora.

In January 1923, in Mstjora, as well as in Palekh, by some former icon-painters and restorers for icons, a cooperative for Old Russian Painting ( Артель древней живописи, Artel is a co- ) founded, that of painting on furniture, utensils and toys devoted himself. The founders of this painting in Mstjora were:

• A. I. Brjagin ( А. И. Брягин )
• I. A. Fomitschjow ( И. А. Фомичёв )
• E. W. Jurin ( Е. В. Юрин )
• N. P. Klykov ( Н. П. Клыков )
• A. F. Kotjagin ( А. Ф. Котягин )
• E. Jurin ( Е. Е. Юрин )
• WN Ovchinnikov ( В. Н. Овчинников )
• I. N. ​​Morozov ( И. Н. Морозов )

In January 1931 a group of artists, the cooperative sent to Moscow to learn the manufacture of paper mache. Another group of artists was sent to Fedoskino, there to learn the painting and polishing. Then caskets were decorated with papier maché lacquer miniatures in Mstjora. In 60 km further north Palach had already started a little earlier with the miniature painting on papier maché. The Cooperative for Old Russian painting was renamed in the 1930s, the Artel Proletarian Art ( артель Пролетарское искусство ), who was a factory from 1960. So was the place to a new, independent center of lacquer miniature art.

The first outstanding champion of lacquer miniatures from Mstjora was Nikolai Prokowjewitsch Klikow ( Николай Прокопьевич Клыков, * 1861-1944 ). He has long been the driving force in the search for his own style for the paint miniatures from Mstjora. In his early works, he followed the tradition of the old Russian miniatures from the 15th and 16th centuries. The style of painting of the Stroganov said Klikow to most. Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov ( Сергей Григорьевич Строганов; born November 8, 1794 in St. Petersburg, March 28 ibid ) was also the founder of the Stroganov Art School in Moscow. His meticulous painting style and the colorful diversity of his pictures was best suited for the thumbnails on papier maché. Klikow created a unique style for the paint miniatures, without turning away from the traditional Technique of icon painting. At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937 received Klikows work " Dubrovsky " a diploma and a gold medal.

In 1960, the Artel Proletarian art was transformed into a factory.

The offspring of the miniature painter in the Art School " F. A. Modorow " trained in Mstjora that ( * Федор Александрович Модоров 1890 in Mstjora; - 1967 in Moscow) by Fyodor Alexandrovich Modorow is named ( Мстерское художественно - промысловое училище им Ф.А. Модорова. ). The majority of knowledge on the technique of miniature painting is not written down. The knowledge, secrets and experiences are passed on from generation to generation.

Among the most outstanding masters of the Elder Eduard include:

• N. I. Shishakov ( Н. И. Шишаков )
• L. A. Fomitschjow ( Л. А. Фомичёв )
• J. M. Wawanow ( Ю. М. Ваванов )
• P. I. Sossin ( П. И. Сосин ).

In the 1960s and 1970s, the miniature painting in Mstjora experienced an upswing. The painters were no longer creating only illustrations of girls, songs and Bylini ( ancient Russian epics ), but independent compositions. Frequently the heroes of the October Revolution were discussed. Also, historical or architectural monuments were often drawn.

Special

Typical of the paint miniatures from Mstjora the unconventional composition of the image: the individual objects are arranged one above the other or in layers and presented in different scales, it will be combined into a single frame events from different times. The images have a specific stylization in the interpretation of shapes, brightly - glowing hues are preferred. The motifs are sweet and naive. However, these works often sublimely naivety and shows a harmonious, stable and colorful life.

Further characteristics of the paint miniatures from Mstjora are the use of ornaments, flower compositions and the representation of the landscape. Often the miniatures from Mstjora are also decorated with vegetable or geometric patterns. Finely crafted ornament, which are typically drawn in gold, framing the miniatures.

The human figures are portrayed as small and often surrounded by houses, trees or animals. The miniatures show historical figures, folklore, and literary and historical works.

For the Communist period of atheism is characteristic that has been shown on the paint miniatures from Mstjora the blue sky. The icon painter from Mstjora had already provided their icons with a background that matched the respective saints or represented hagiography. The sky was the limit between this world and the next.

The locations of the action of the thumbnail images are very often very detailed and carefully painted landscapes or companies to the Russian Tsar courtyards. Typical is the background of deeply structured landscapes, often with valleys. In contrast, the Palekh lacquer miniatures and Fedoskino usually just have a simple black background with no landscapes. Typically, the Palekh lacquer miniatures have great figures, which are also painted generously with gold.

In recent times, often several episodes are combined in a composition, the landscape is mapped heavily stylized, the motives are more decorative, and image display is not as three-dimensional.

Presence

Today, more than 100 miniature painter form the core of the association " center for traditional miniatures from Mstjora " ( " Центр традиционной мстерской миниатюры ").

The museum with lacquer miniatures, icons and embroidery in dJ Lorenzo is located in the former convent of Mstjora.