Lactarius vellereus
Woolly Milchling ( Lactarius vellereus )
The Woolly Milchling ( Lactarius vellereus ), also Erdschieber, velvety Milchling or mild milk Ender called wool sponge, is a common fungus from the family of Täublingsverwandten ( Russulaceae ). It is characterized by a whitish, woolly - felted hat in bowl shape and sharp burning flesh that secretes a lot of white milk and removed the slats. The fruiting bodies are usually sociable encountered, often relatively large and often covered with soil or plant parts.
- 5.1 Infra -genetic systematics
- 7.1 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The Woolly Milchling has a ungezonten, chalk-white hat, which sometimes has ocher-colored spots; later they appear more turbid yellowish - ocher. First, the cap is curved and slightly recessed in the middle, and later spreads out and has a fairly broad, bowl -shaped dent. The margin is initially rolled, later he is sharp, with proceeds wavy - cambered. The surface is dry and at least in young specimens clearly woolly - fluffy. At the edge of hat it is quite dense woolly - tomentose. The hat skin verkahlt with time and can be cracked. The hat reached a diameter 8-30 cm. He is very rigid, tough and festfleischig.
The slats are only white tinted pale, but are colored later weak ocher yellowish to reddish flesh. The blades are then light ocher yellow. They are initially relatively dense, but are soon located well away. Moreover, they are often not very high, and forked. Their consistency is thick and rigid. They are a bit down on the stem, but some are bulged slightly. Sometimes they form small cross-connections ( anastomoses )
The handle is located centrally or slightly eccentrically on the hat. He is tinted usually cylindrical in shape and whitish or pale lemon yellow. Pressure points are colored light - ockerfuchsig. It reaches a length of two to six centimeters and a thickness of two to five centimeters. The texture is hard and fleshy. The surface is initially covered with cotton-like, zartflaumigen hairs that cover these loses but later. Is weißlichgraues mycelium, in which there are agglomerated humus pieces to the base.
The flesh is white, firm and hard. It has a crumbly, grainy texture and decomposes difficult. The smell is reminiscent of the commons White Russula ( Russula delica ). After cutting and prolonged lying it turns weak rosaviolettlich on the edge usually, otherwise pale cream yellow. With guaiac it reacts immediately and persistently strong green, with guaiacol immediately pure pink purple with some orange tint; later it turns wine red to purpurschwärzlich. With iron sulfate, the meat is pink immediately and after ten minutes dirty carmine rose with gray-brown parts.
The milk is white. When drying on glass it will turn yellowish sulfur. Young specimens give ample off milk, but in the dry state is hardly a milks determine. Without connection with the meat it tastes almost mild, but slightly bitter scratching. With potassium it is not responding, blue with litmus by the basic pH.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are whitish and spherical shaped to breitellipsoid; they measure 7.5-9.5 × 6.5-8.5 micrometers. In Melzer's reagent is delicate ornaments can be recognized. The surface is covered with small warts, which are partly bonded to each other by fine lines. The cystidia are mostly fusiform or bulbous shaped and rounded at the tip. They are cut and on the lamellae surfaces abundant. In between are numerous Milchsafthyphen.
From the Sphaerocyten the Hutdeckschicht spring erect, somewhat thick-walled hyphae that form the Hutfilz. In between are numerous Milchsafthyphen that extend almost to the hat surface.
Artabgrenzung
Although extremely difficult to distinguish the rarer Sharp milk end wool sponge (L. bertillonii ). It reacts with potassium hydroxide in a few seconds golden yellow and his milk tastes even while disconnected from the flesh burning sharp. Similar is also the Long-stemmed pepper Milchling (L. piperatus ), but having a smooth hat and denser fins. He is also usually smaller and has a longer stalk. Possibility of confusion exists with the ordinary white Russula ( Russula delica ), which, however, gives no milk.
Long-stemmed pepper Milchling is usually smaller and denser low bars.
The Greening Pepper Milchling similar to the Long-handled Pepper Milchling and additionally has a slow gray-green one- drying milk.
The Rosascheckige Milchling has clear pink tinted slats
The Common White Täubling often looks similar, but has no milk juice.
Ecology
The Woolly Milchling is mainly found in thermophilic beech, beech-fir and pine and oak-hornbeam forests. There he settled fresh, not too nutrient-rich brown earths, which are usually well supplied with bases. The parent rocks are base-containing layer solidification and rocks, especially limestone, marl and basalt. Also on highly feldspathic silicates such as gneiss and granite it can be found. Less often you meet him on acidic soils or superficial abgesauerten, as appropriate spruce-fir and spruce forests. Occasionally, the fungus on clearings, roadsides, can be found in parks and gardens.
The Woolly Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that lives in symbiosis with deciduous and coniferous trees. The most frequent partner is the European beech; at a distance the common spruce and other tree species follow behind. The fruiting bodies appear from July to November, especially in September and October.
Dissemination
The Woolly Milchling is widespread in the Holarctic, where he is to be found in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Canary Islands and in North Asia. In Europe, the territory of the Hebrides and the UK and France ranges in the west through central Europe to northern Europe and Hungary to the east, Serbia and Italy in the south.
System
The Milchling in 1821 for the first time by the Swedish mycologist EM Fries described as Agaricus vellereus. In 1838, in Friesland in the genus Lactarius, so he got his name still used today. Nomenclatural synonyms are: Galorrheus vellereus (Fr.) P.Kumm, and Lactifluus vellereus (Fr.: Fr.) Kuntze (1891 ). More Taxonomic synonyms are Lactarius albivellus Romagn. (1980) and Lactarius velutinus Bertillon (1868 ), which was downgraded in 1908 by Bataille to the variety of L. vellereus.
Since molecular biological sub Searchen showed that the genus Lactarius is not monophyletic and splits into two lineages, suggested A. Verbeken ago, the Milkcaps from the section Albati in the previously proposed by Bart Buyck genus Lactifluus to make. The "new" genus hosts Lactifluus otherwise mostly tropical species. If interspersed Buycks proposal, the wool Milchling will in future be called Lactifluus vellereus (Fr.) Kuntze. For now, this step has not yet been completed in the main taxonomy databases. The sub-section Russula subsect. Ochricompactae is a third lineage, which includes both Milkcaps and russulas. Today it forms the self-contained, newly defined genus Multifurca.
Infra -genetic systematics
The Woolly Milchling is Bon, Heilmann -Clausen and Basso as type species in the section Albati ( Bat. ) Singer, asked which stands at Bon and Basso within the subgenus Lactifluus and Heilmann -Clausen in the subgenus Lactariopsis. The representatives of the section have large white hats and one white, largely unchanging milk. The thick slats are quite removed and the spore ornament is inconspicuous and consists of low, thin ridges.
Importance
The Woolly Milchling applicable in Southern, Western, Central Europe as inedible, but is estimated in Russia, Ukraine and Bulgaria as an edible mushroom. In Siberia the Milchling market is even fungus. The pungent taste but can be by simply watering not eliminate it. Sometimes it is but thinly sliced and cooked seared. The fungus is then described as edible and palatable. In Russia ( Siberia) it is made edible by pretreatment. These two methods are used.
- A slow method
- A quick way