List of indigenous peoples#Asia

The indigenous peoples of Asia are composed of various heterogeneous indigenous groups in Asia. The range of the indigenous populations of Asia extends from the different groups in Siberia to the Jarawa of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean.

In addition to South Asia is the continent with the largest number of isolated peoples. Most groups are in the minority in their own country, in New Guinea, however, makes the indigenous population of the greater part of the population.

  • 2.6.1 the Penan
  • 2.6.2 sub-groups of the Dayak
  • 2.7.1 Indigenous peoples of West Papua
  • 2.8.1 the Batak
  • 2.8.2 the Palawan
  • 2.8.3 other peoples in the Philippines
  • 2.9.1 the chanting
  • 2.9.2 peoples with their own republics within Russia

Similarities

Although the indigenous peoples of Asia differ particularly culturally and geographically, they have some similarities but as a group. Indigenous people are, by definition, the first inhabitants of a country. This often leads to misunderstandings and prejudices, as is often mistakenly assumed that people have not evolved since that time and are therefore characterized as 'primitive' and 'stone age'. The people who are their country very much connected, often experience a lack of understanding, if they do not want to customize the mainstream society of the country. They often experience oppression by multinational corporations and the governments of the countries.

Indigenous peoples of Asian countries by

Transnational Indigenous Peoples of Asia

The original inhabitants of Southeast Asia are probably the so-called Negritos. It is believed that they have come to the region more than 60,000 years ago from Africa, Australia and New Guinea. They speak on the Andaman unclassified languages ​​, the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand on the other hand, those belonging to the Mon-Khmer, and descended the likely next wave of immigrants. To the Mon-Khmer include the languages ​​of many Montagnards in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. The " Negritos " differ externally from the rest of the Asian population, as they are smaller and have a darker skin color. Many of these people are now the world's most isolated peoples living.

The " Hill Tribes " ( mountain people ) Thailand immigrated contrast, for the most part in the last 150 years, from the north. The Champa were also scattered after the conquest by the Vietnamese. On the coasts of the Andaman Sea and the offshore islands live in Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia several closely related peoples of sea nomads, the largest is that of the Moken.

Indigenous peoples of Japan

The Ainu are the indigenous people of Japan. Over time, they have been continuously pushed to the north of the island of Hokkaido and now make up only about 20,000 to 50,000 people.

Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan

→ Main article: Indigenous peoples of Taiwan

On the island of Taiwan, an approximately 300,000 people strong minority Austronesian peoples lives. Before the immigration of Han Chinese they represented the actual population of Taiwan.

Indigenous peoples of China

In China, many national minorities, in which the boundary between indigenous and non- defining groups corresponding fluent live. Some ethnic groups, such as the Zhuang with 16 million members, can be difficult to see as marginalized. Others, such as the Uyghur are not even the original population in their area of ​​settlement or still have areas where they form the majority. More culturally assimilated almost as the Manchu. Ultimately, you have to limit that the Han Chinese, to which imputes the majority of the population, even in most regions are not immigrants in recent history, ethnicity, but is to be expected even to the ancestral ethnicities. Other regions, such as Tibet has long, belong to the Chinese sphere of influence.

The situation of indigenous peoples in China is characterized by a certain dominance of the Han Chinese, which is also an indigenous people of China are yes and represent over 91% of the total population. In particular, the settlement areas of the Uyghur and Tibetans are increasingly populated by Han Chinese for centuries. Due to the strong population growth in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century this settlement increased pressure and could be controlled by the government of China to the part only with effort and channeled. Due to the immigration of Han Chinese ethnic minorities are increasingly in their own settlements with the population minority. However, all China's ethnic minorities of the one-child policy are fundamentally excluded, and may at least two children per couple getting. This limitation applies, however, absolutely only for the cities and densely populated areas. In sparsely populated areas ( grasslands, mountains, etc.) in part three or more children may be born. Especially small ethnic groups may even get more children, in part, a higher number of children is promoted even by " child support " (eg in the Evenki reindeer - China ). As a result, almost all of China's ethnic minorities ( Tibetans and Uyghur ) reported a significantly higher population growth than the Han Chinese.

Indigenous peoples of South Asia

The often still living in traditional small societies people of India are referred to collectively as Adivasis ( in India itself usually as " tribals " ), which, however, does not necessarily mean a common ethnic origin. It is estimated that the Adivasi tribes to more than 600 in the Indian caste system, they are at the lowest end, or even fall out of the caste system, which still operates today to social disadvantage, despite advanced rights on paper of the Indian Constitution. The Adivasis have still partly their own religions, are partly Hindu, partly Christian.

Peoples of the Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands are an archipelago in the Indian Ocean and is 700 km to the east of India. They comprise 500 individual islands, of which only 27 are inhabited. The islands are home to four indigenous peoples:

  • Great Andamanese
  • Onge
  • Jarawa
  • Sentinelese

The Jarawa and Sentinelese are the still relatively uncontacted. All four people are hunters and gatherers who look back on a long history of violence and exploitation. Of the original 8,000 people still live 400 to 800

The Great Andamanese are still around 50 people. When they were contacted, 150 years ago, there were about 5,000 that were decimated by the settlement of their habitat by the British. Originally included the great Andamanese ten nations.

The Onge describe themselves as the " Perfect Man " and are a group of about 100 people. They also had to suffer from the colonization.

The Jarawa, which means as much as " foreigners" or "other people " live, voluntarily isolated from the outside world. Through their hostile way, it was possible to them a long time to avoid contact. However, in 1998 they went by themselves unarmed in touch with some settlers, which could be their undoing, as the other peoples of the Andaman Islands have also lost large parts of their land as a result of peaceful contact.

The Sentinelese are now defined as the most isolated people. They live deposited on the North Sentinel island and attack anyone who approaches the island. Through this hostile attitude towards outsiders, people could protect against imported diseases and settlements, so that they are better placed today in comparison to the other peoples of the Andaman Islands.

The Dongria Kondh

Main article: Dongria Kondh

The Dongria Kondh live in the Indian state of Orissa and count 8,000 members. The mountain Niyam Dongar is the seat of their god Niyam Raja and the most important religious site of the people. The region around the mountain, however, is at risk because the British mining company Vedanta there wants to reduce the Aluminumerz bauxite, jeopardizing the livelihood of the Dongria Kondh. Together with international organizations, the people fighting against the project.

Another important peoples of South Asia

  • Bhil ( West and Central India)
  • Bhuiyan ( Orissa )
  • Birhor ( Orissa )
  • Bodo ( Assam )
  • Chenchu ​​( Andhra Pradesh )
  • Dafla ( Arunachal Pradesh )
  • Gadaba ( Andhra Pradesh, Orissa )
  • Garo ( Meghalaya )
  • Gond (central India)
  • Ho ( Jharkhand )
  • Khasi ( Meghalaya )
  • Kol (Maharashtra)
  • Konda Dora ( Andhra Pradesh )
  • Lambadi ( Andhra Pradesh )
  • Mina (Rajasthan)
  • Mizo ( Mizoram )
  • Munda ( Bihar )
  • Naga ( Nagaland )
  • Naikda or Nayaka
  • Nicobarese ( Nicobar Islands )
  • Oraon ( East India )
  • Rabari (Gujarat)
  • Rona ( Andhra Pradesh, Orissa )
  • Santal ( Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal )
  • Saora ( Orissa )
  • Toda (Tamil Nadu )
  • Vedas (Sri Lanka)

Indigenous peoples of Borneo - Dayaks

Main article: Dayak

The indigenous population of the island of Borneo is summarized under the term Dayak. The Dayak are not a homogeneous group, but are made up of hundreds of indigenous groups, of which most speak their own language and in some cases differ greatly in lifestyle, culture and number. So there are peoples, consisting only of a few hundred members and lead a nomadic life until present time and hunter-gatherers, while others Dayakgruppen several hundred thousand members are strong and have gained extensive connection to modern technology and education. Overall, the Dayak include up to 200,000 members in indigenous groups and two million in cities. The largest group of Dayak are the Iban. The Dayak colonize the entire island of Borneo and therefore spread over the territory of Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. The indigenous people of Sarawak mostly live in longhouses and rice to build.

The Penan

Main article: Penan

The Penan are now the last nomadic people of Borneo, although many of them are sedentary today. The nomadic Penan are exclusively hunter-gatherers, while the rest mostly grow rice and sago. The Sarawak government recognizes the land rights of the Penan still not on. Since the 1970s, they support large-scale commercial logging throughout Sarawak, on the land of the Penan, who would lose by the loss of the forest livelihoods. The construction of dams, the Penan and other indigenous peoples would be flooded by the parts of the habitat, poses a threat to the people dar.

More subsets of the Dayak

Indigenous peoples of Indonesia (without Borneo)

In Indonesia, home to a large but unknown ( three-digit ) number of peoples. You will be assimilated by the Indonesian state, often forcibly relocated to other areas and also pushed into their home by people resettled from Java to the edge. In part, these nations, which leads to bloody battles to defend; the best known being the conflict in Aceh in the far north of Sumatra. Many of these peoples have no more chance of survival. They die and their languages ​​disappear. Known as living near a tourist route, the Karo Batak of Sumatra in the middle. Relatively barely tapped are still the tribal areas of the Korowai. This also applies to those living in the immediate vicinity of Asmat in parts.

Indigenous peoples of West Papua

West Papua is the western Indonesian half of the island of New Guinea, the second largest island in the world. Although only 0.01 % of the population live there, here 15% of languages ​​are spoken by 2.2 million people.

On the island live 312 indigenous peoples, many uncontacted it. Papuans are ethnically distinct from the Indonesians who dominate the country.

Since 1963, West Papua is part of Indonesia. The indigenous peoples have to suffer greatly, because especially the exploitation of natural resources is responsible for ensuring that they fear for their country. In the history of the country are frequent violations of human rights, in particular to find racism.

Indigenous peoples in the Philippines

About 6 million people in the Philippines belong to the group of indigenous peoples, of which there are about 30.

The Batak

The Batak are an indigenous people of about 300 members and live in the woods in the north of Palawan in the western part of the Philippines. They are hunter-gatherers and live beyond from fishing and the cultivation of rice, root crops and vegetables.

One theory is that the Batak are descendants of the first people in the Philippines, who have immigrated 50,000 years ago estimated the island. Their number has halved over the last century.

Today, the survival of the people is threatened by land grab, diseases and deforestation of their habitat.

The Palawan

Main article: Palawan

The Palawan live in the south of Palawan Islands in the Philippines and count about 40,000 members. Some of them live very isolated and have little contact with the outside world.

The Palawan practice shifting cultivation. To this end, they clear small areas of rainforest and food to build. After some time they move on, so that the forest can regenerate. Some communities run every seven years by a ceremony in which they " cleanse the world " and restore their cosmic balance.

The habitat of Palawan is threatened by the construction of a new road in 2000. Also planned mining projects represent a great risk to the lives of people, as forests were cut down and would have to suffer all of nature including, houses the most important religious sites of Palawan.

Other peoples in the Philippines

  • Aeta
  • Bilaan
  • Ibaloi
  • Ifugao
  • Kalinga
  • Subanon
  • Tagbanuwa
  • Tao Buhid
  • Manobo
  • T'Boli
  • Tiruray

Indigenous peoples in Siberia

Siberia is home to more than 200,000 people in over 30 indigenous groups. Their languages ​​belong to different families, none of them is related to the Russian language. The habitat of the indigenous people are 58 % of Russia. Some of the people are nomadic reindeer herders in the tundra, others live in the taiga of reindeer herding and from hunting and gathering. Today, only ten per cent of the indigenous population of Siberia live in nomadic or semi - nomadic way.

By the Soviet government in the 30s and 40s people lost a large part of their land, which was used for state-owned enterprises, which the regions were populated. In the following decades, the indigenous peoples were oppressed and adapted by government measures to the Russian society. Thus, children were sent to schools that did not teach their native language. This meant that the different generations can no longer communicate today.

A major problem today, the environmental degradation caused by oil, gas and timber companies in the areas of human dar. In addition, there is a lack of clarity regarding their country's rights.

The chanting

Main article: chanting

The Khanty are a nation of reindeer herders from the West Siberia. Like most pastoralists in their region are the Khanty semi-nomads. In their homeland, the Siberian taiga, the temperatures up to -50 degrees Celsius may fall and crops grow poorly. They hunt and fish and gather berries. For additional food to sell the Khanty reindeer and animal skins.

Like the rest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia are also affected by the assimilation of the Russian government and the environmental problems the chanting.

Peoples with their own republics within Russia

  • Khakassians
  • Yakuts
  • Buryat
  • Altai
  • Tuvins
Homogeneity and heterogeneity Moken people Ainu people Austronesian languages Zhuang people Manchu people Onge people Sentinelese people Kondha Vedanta Resources Bhil people Ollari language Garo people Gondi people Munda people Naga people Vedda people Penan people Kayan people (Borneo) Kelabit people Kenyah people Punan Bah Asmat people Aeta people Tagbanwa people Khakas people Buryats
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