List of Nobel laureates

The list of Nobel Prize winner shows all those who received a Nobel Prize for physics, chemistry, physiology / medicine, literature and peace since 1901. In addition, the winners of the first ever Prize for Economics in 1969 are listed.

History and modalities

The foundation stone for the Nobel Prize put Alfred Nobel, the setting up of a prize in his will, which was to be financed from the interest of its assets and awarded in five equal highly doped categories. This led to the establishment of the Nobel Foundation.

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations for outstanding achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. In addition, in 1968 donated the Riksbank the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

For any price for a specific committee is responsible. The Royal Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in physics, chemistry and economics, the Karolinska Institute, the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Swedish Academy Nobel Prize in Literature, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize. Each winner receives a medal, a certificate and a cash prize, the amount of which changed over the years. In 1901, each prize was endowed with 150 782 Swedish crowns, which would correspond to a value of 7,799,542 crowns (as of December 2008). Since 2001, the prize money of 10 million crowns. The award ceremony is held annually to Nobel's death on December 10, held in Stockholm and Oslo.

In the years 1901-2009 were 802 individuals and 20 organizations, including 64 economic winners of the Nobel Prize. Four Nobel prizes have been compelled by their governments to refuse acceptance. The Germans, Richard Kuhn ( Chemistry, 1939), Adolf Butenandt ( Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk ( Physiology or Medicine, 1939) was designed by the Nazi regime banned the award to accept. The Soviet Union forced Boris Pasternak ( Literature, 1958) reject its price. Two Nobel laureates, Jean -Paul Sartre ( Literature, 1964) and Lê Đức Thọ (Peace, 1973), rejected the price. As Sartre turned down all official honors, he refused to accept the Nobel Prize. Lê Ðức Thọ rejected him because of the situation at that time in Vietnam. Six laureates have received many a prize ( John Bardeen, Marie Curie, Linus Pauling, Frederick Sanger, the International Red Cross and the UNHCR). Three times more often than any other, the International Committee of the Red Cross counted (Peace, 1917, 1944, 1963) to the winners.

Among the 802 Nobel Laureates 40 women. The first woman, who was awarded a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie ( Physics, 1903 and Chemistry, 1911).

In the years in which no prize was awarded for special events or lack of nominations, the prize money was flowing back in the Endowment Fund. The Nobel Prize was not awarded in the years 1940-1942 because of World War II.

Award winners

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