List of state leaders in 1866
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Africa
- Egypt: Khedive ( Viceroy ) Ismail Pasha ( 1863-1867 )
- Ethiopia Kaiser: Theodore II (1855-1868)
- Buganda: King, Mutesa I. (1856-1884)
- Bunyoro: King: Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)
- Burundi: King: Mwezi Gisabo IV (1852-1908)
- Dahomey: King: Glele (1856-1889)
- Morocco: Sultan Sidi Mohammed IV (1859-1873)
- Rwanda: King: Kigeri IV (1853-1895)
- Sokoto Caliphate: Caliph Ahmad bin Atiku (1859-1866)
- Caliph Ali bin Bello II (1866-1867)
- Republic of South Africa President: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864-1871)
- Zulu: King Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840-1872)
America
North America
- Mexico Heads of State and Head of Government: Emperor Maximilian I (1864-1867)
- United States of America Heads of State and Head of Government: President Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
Central America
- Costa Rica Heads of State and Head of Government: President Jesús Jiménez Zamora ( 1863-8. May 1866, 1868-1870 )
- President José María Castro Madriz (1847-1849, May 8, 1866 to 1868 )
- Dominican Republic Heads of State and Head of Government: President Buenaventura Baez ( 1865-29. June 1866 )
- El Salvador Heads of state and head of government: President Francisco Dueñas (1852-1854, 1863-1871)
- Guatemala Heads of state and head of government: President Vicente Cerna (1865-1871)
- Haiti Heads of State and Head of Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859-1867)
- Honduras Heads of State and Head of Government: President José María Medina (1863-1872)
- Nicaragua Heads of State and Head of Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857-1867)
South America
- Argentina Heads of State and Head of Government: President Bartolomé Mitre (1862-1868)
- Bolivia Heads of State and Head of Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864-1871)
- Brazil Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831-1889)
- Chile Heads of State and Head of Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861-1871)
- Ecuador Heads of State and Head of Government: President Jerónimo Carrión (1865-1867)
- Colombia Heads of State and Head of Government: President Manuel Murillo Toro ( 1864-1. April 1866 )
- ( temporarily ) José María Rojas Garrido ( 1 April to 20 May 1866)
- President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (May 20, 1866-1867 )
- Paraguay Heads of state and head of government: President Francisco Solano López (1862-1870)
- Peru (disputed ) Heads of State and Head of Government: President Mariano Ignacio Prado (1865-1868)
- Uruguay Heads of State and Head of Government: (provisional) Venancio Flores ( 1865-1868 )
- Venezuela Heads of state and head of government: President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863-1868)
Asia
- Abu Dhabi: Emir: Zayed I. (1855-1909)
- Ajman: Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848-1872)
- Afghanistan Amir Shir Ali Khan (1863-1866)
- Emir Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866-1867)
- Bahrain: Emir Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842-1868)
- China ( Qing Dynasty ): Kaiser: Tongzhi (1861-1874)
- British India Viceroy John Lawrence (1864-1869)
- Japan: Kaiser: Komei (1846-1867)
- Shogun: ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi ( 1858-1866 )
- Korea: King Gojong (1864-1897)
- Kuwait: Emir: Sabbah II (1859-1866)
- Emir Abdullah II (1866-1892)
- Oman: Sultan: Thuwaini bin Said (1856-1866)
- Sultan Salim bin Thuwaini (1866-1868)
- Persia ( Qajar dynasty ) Shah: Naser ad -Din Shah (1848-1896)
- Thailand King Mongkut, King of Thailand (1851-1868)
Australasia
- Hawaii King Kamehameha V (1863-1872)
Europe
- Andorra Co - Prince: Emperor of France: Napoleon III. (1848-1870)
- Bishop of Urgell: Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851-1879)
- Belgium: King Leopold II (1865-1909)
- Denmark: King Christian IX. (1863-1906)
- Prime Minister: Christian Emil Krag - Juel - Vind - Frijs (1865-1870)
- German Confederation ( resolution: August 23 in Augsburg) * Austria: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848-1916)
- Grand Duke Friedrich I. (1852-1907)
- King: Ludwig II (1864-1886)
- Duke: George V (1851-1878)
- Mature Mayor: Karl Viktor Constance Fellner (1866 )
- Annexation by Prussia
- Duke: Ludwig III. (1848-1877)
- King George V (1851-1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
- Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I (1847-1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
- Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II (1842-1883)
- Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1860-1904)
- Duke: Adolf I (1839-1866)
- Annexation by Prussia
- Grand Duke Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853-1900)
- King: William I (1861-1888)
- King: John I (1854-1873)
- King: Charles I (1864-1891)
- France Emperor Napoléon III. (1851-1870)
- Greece King: George I (1863-1913)
- Italy King, Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
- Monaco Prince Charles III. (1856-1889)
- Montenegro ( until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty ) Prince Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860-1918) ( from 1910 king)
- Neutral Moresnet Ruler: Leopold II (1865-1909)
- King: William I (1861-1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859-1882)
- Netherlands King Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
- Norway King Charles IV (1859-1872) (. Identical to Charles XV of Sweden, Swedish -Norwegian personal union )
- Turkey: Sultan Abdulaziz (1861-1876)
- Portugal King: Ludwig I (1861-1889)
- Romania ( until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty ) Prince Alexander John I (1862-1866)
- Prince: Charles I (1866-1914) ( from 1881 king)
- Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
- Sweden King Karl XV. (1859-1872) (identical to Charles IV of Sweden, Swedish -Norwegian personal union )
- Serbia ( until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty ) Prince Mihailo Obrenović (1839-1842) (1860-1868)
- Spain Queen Isabella II (1833-1868)
- Hungary King Franz Joseph I (1848-1916)
- United Kingdom Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
- Prime Minister: John Russell (1865-1866)
- Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley (1866-1868)