Lists of Maraji

Grand Ayatollah (also Grand Ayatollah ) or Ayatollah al - Ozma ( Ayatollah al - Uzma also ) (Arabic آية الله العظمى, DMG Ayat Allah al - ʿ Uzma; persian آیتاللهالعظمی ), is a spiritual title of the Twelvers, who, over a Ayatollah but ranks among the marja -e taqlid.

In the 19th century there were only 12 to 18 ayatollahs, of which a few " parent " ayatollahs, the majority in Iran. The title of Grand Ayatollah established definitively until around 1920 and thus replacing the hitherto customary name Marjah in the title hierarchy from.

The rise to a Grand Ayatollah is a Shiite cleric ( Mullah ) a long and arduous path that requires at least 25 to 30 years of intensive study. Wilfried Buchta describes (in 2004 ) the number of major ayatollahs worldwide with 20, including 14 in Iran.

Practice

Every believer is looking for usually a Grand Ayatollah as a " source of emulation " ( marja ), lives according to its interpretation of the law and performs a control from at this Grand Ayatollah that this used for charitable purposes and for the training of students. The rank of Grand Ayatollah derives to a large extent from the number of his followers.

" Shi'ite Pope "

For the filling of the post of marja -e taqlid ( " source of emulation " ) occurs only once all major ayatollahs one of their number at least tacitly recognize this rank. This was only the third case in the history of Twelver Shi'ites. First held Mortaza Ansari (1800-1864) this office, Grand Ayatollah Boroujerdi last († 1961).

List of major ayatollahs

Known and when this also generally recognized major ayatollahs, in the order of their birth:

Deceased United ayatollahs

  • Mortaza Ansari (1800-1864) marja -e taqlid
  • Mohammad Hasan Shirazi (1815-1895) marja -e taqlid
  • Muhammad Kazim Tabatabai Yazdi ( - 1919)
  • Abdulkarim Haeri Yazdi (1859-1937)
  • Hossein - Ali Boroujerdi (1875-1961) marja -e taqlid
  • Mohammad Ali Araki (1895-1994)
  • Mohsen al - Tabataba'i al -Hakim (1889-1970)
  • Abu al -Qasim al - Khoei (1899-1992)
  • Mohammad Reza Golpayegani (1899-1993)
  • Hossein Shariatmadari (1905-1986)
  • Ali Safi Golpaygani (1913-2010)
  • Mohammad Taghi Bahdschat (1917-2009)
  • Mohammad Hosseini Ezodin Zandschani (1921-2013)
  • Hossein Ali Montazeri (1922-2009)
  • Mohsen Koochebaghi ​​Tabrizi (1924-2011)
  • Mohammad Husseini Shirazi (1928-2001)
  • Mohammad Fazel Lankarani (1931-2007)
  • Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (1935-1980)
  • Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah (1935-2010)
  • Muhammad Baqir al -Hakim (1939-2003)
  • Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr (1943-1999)

Current major ayatollahs

Iran

  • Sayed Hassan Tabatabai - Qomi (1911 - )
  • Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani (1917 - )
  • Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi (1922 - )
  • Muslim Malakuti (1923 - )
  • Hossein Vahid Khorasani (1924 - )
  • Mohammad Shah Rudi (1925 - )
  • Mousavi Ardebili (1926 - )
  • Mohammad Alavi Gorgani (1926 - )
  • Hossein Noori Hamedani (1926 - )
  • Sadeq Rohani (1926 - )
  • Naser Makarem Shirazi (1927 - )
  • Musa Schubairi Zandschani (1927 - )
  • Abbas Mahfuzi (1928 - )
  • Mohammad Rahmati Sirjani (1928 - )
  • Ja'far Sobhani (1928 - )
  • Mohammad Hussain Najafi (1932 - )
  • Mohammad Ebrahim Dschannati (1932 - )
  • Hossein Mazaheri (1934 - )
  • Javad Gharavi Aliari (1935 - )
  • Yusuf Sanei (1937 - )
  • Kazem al - Haeri (1938 - )

Iraq

  • Morteza Hosseini Fayaz (1928 - )
  • Ali al -Sistani (1930 - )

Pakistan

  • Muhammad Hussain Najafi (1932 - )

Afghanistan

  • Mohaqiq Kabuli (1928 - )
  • Muhammad Asif Muhsini (1935 - )
DIN 31635 Marja' Morteza Ansari Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi Yousef Saanei
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