Maliki
- Regions where Maliki represent the majority
- With "other" Alevis in Turkey are meant.
The Maliki, Arab المالكية, DMG al - mālikiyya or المالكيون al - mālikiyyūn, are one of the four traditional schools of law ( madhahib ) of Sunni Islam. The mālikitische law school goes back to Maalik ibn Anas ibn Maalik al - Asbahi (* with 708, † 795). His main work, the Muwatta ʾ, is the basis of law school, but in which the legal thinking has not yet been to the Law; this should be his student and also madhhab Muhammad ibn Idris ash - founder - Shafi ʿ ī reserved.
The primary sources of the law school
- The legal practice of Medina
Addition to the systematic recourse to the known Malik in Medina tradition material legal thought of the early Maliki is based on the " Medinan " law practice, which although not necessarily with the traditional hadith material was consistent. Thus, the Maliki offer a systematic presentation of Islamic ritual and law on the basis of generally accepted Sunnah in Medina, but here as the " Sunna of the people of Medina " ( ahl al- sunna Madina ) often without recognizable reference to the Sunnah of the Prophet Mohammed. The ever watched legal uncertainty Madhhab is canceled by the consensus of scholars ( Ijma ) only partially.
- Quran and Hadith
The Hadith - next to the Koran - is therefore intended for Malik Ibn Anas nor its successor the supreme authority of the jurisdiction; its tendency to self- right view ( Ra'y ) is uncontroversial in his school. However, Malik sat with his al - Muwatta ʾ ' in the writing of traditional laws literature of the 8th century a new standard; because he always strives to mediate between entering of traditional legal practice and the known Hadithmaterial and the latter to gain as much as possible validity to harmonize with Ra'y Hadith or the medinensischer legal practice. This structure of its abovementioned legal work was the reason Maalik in the Islamic tradition history as representative of the Ashab al - Hadith, the followers of hadith, to call, although his law school in subsequent generations of the independent legal opinion in the law and in the practice of religion more importance attaches as the Hadith.
The development and dissemination of the law school
The consolidation of the law school of Medina was only made through the work of the students of Malik, who contributed as narrators and reviewers of his work on Egypt and North Africa to Al- Andalus to the dissemination of mālikitischen / Medinan teachings and its enlargement. In the Islamic East, the law school did not achieve the same success as in the West because the Hanafi were stronger here, but worked in Iraq significant Maliki scholars such Ismā ʿ īl ibn Ishaq al - Ǧahḍamī (d. 895 ), " head of the Maliki in Baghdad," whose Ahkam al -Qur ʾ ān, the Qur'anic legislation by the teachings of the law school explained, which is also acting in Baghdad al - Abhari ( st.985 ), the author of the extensive explanation ( Sharḥ ) of the law compendium of the Egyptian scholar Ibn ʿ Abd al - Hakam (d. 882 ), also al - Bāqillānī (d. 1013) and ʿ Abd al- Qadi ibn Nasr al - Wahhāb Baghdādī (d. 1031 ), author of the Kitāb at- Talqīn, a multiply annotated work to mālikitischen law.
The further development of Maliki have mainly Egyptian ( Fustat ) and North African ( Qairawan ) scholarly circles influenced; their classical representative in the 9th and 10th centuries have here and no longer worked at the original school in Medina.
The writings of Qairawāner scholars Sahnūn ibn Sa ʿ īd († 854 ), compiled under the title al - Mudawwana are centuries the most commonly used and have been annotated manual of Malikis in which Malik claimed by Egyptian mediation teaching views in all areas of Islamic law arranged chapters and are presented with additions to its students. Compared to the two-volume Muwatta ʾ Malik here learned the mālikitische jurisprudence its essential content expansion; In the first print edition Sahnūns work includes sixteen volumes.
At about the same time was another mālikitisches legal work Andalusian Provenance: " The clear presentation of the Sunnah and jurisprudence " al - Wadih fi -s- sunan wal- fiqh / الواضح في السنن والفقه / al - Wadih fī s- sunan wal- fiqh - briefly also al - Wadiha / الواضحة / al - Wadiha called - of the Cordoba scholar ʿ Abd al -Malik Ibn Habib عبد الملك بن حبيب, († 852 ), in which he also gathering all areas of religious law, the Sunnah - both legally relevant Prophet Unna and the Sunnah of Medina - discussed in detail. A part of this work, in which the ritual purity is dealt, was published in 1994.
It is thanks to the famous scholar Ibn Abī Zayd al Kairouaner - Qairawānī ابن أبي زيد القيرواني from the late 10th century that the works of ʿ Abd al -Malik Ibn Habib and his contemporaries from Egypt and Andalusia the 9th century not are completely lost. For he has analyzed the then-known writings of Maliki law in his monumental compendium, even quoted verbatim or paraphrased from them. He knew his work with the content-rich titles: النوادر والزيادات على ما في المدونة من غيرها من الأمهات al nawadir wal- Ziyadat ' ala ma fil - Mudawwana min ghairi -ha min al - ummahat, DMG al - nawādir wal- Ziyadat ʿ mā alā fī ʾ l - min - Mudawwana ġairi - hā min al - ummahāt: strange and additions to Mudawwana from other base stations ( law school ) '. The author has sought to portray the individual legal issues in all aspects of Islamic law and ritual practice by excerpts from the writings of the then-known law school. It also controversial doctrines ( Ichtilāf ) come within the law school of Medina over Egypt, North Africa and al -Andalus to the language. The completely preserved - a little late produced - handwriting comprises nineteen volumes and per band has about four hundred pages. The oldest copies are, even if only fragmentarily present, made during the lifetime of the author. The print edition includes fifteen volumes.
The mālikitische law school spread from the heartland of Islam, first in Egypt, Ifriqiya (North Africa), in the Maghreb, from there in Islamic Spain, also in Sudan, Mauritania and Nigeria, Kuwait and Bahrain.