Master of Laws
LL.M. (Latin Legum Magister / Magistra, where LL the Latin abbreviation for the plural " rights ." - namely, secular / state law and canon law - is ) is the abbreviation for the name of the academic degree "Master of Laws" ( Master of Law ). This postgraduate degree can be obtained by lawyers but also by other graduates at many universities. Most commonly, the LL.M. acquired at universities in English speaking countries.
An LL.M. degree usually takes two to four semesters. The content is determined by the availability of higher education and the inclinations of the student. At universities outside the German-speaking countries, the focus is mostly on the respective national law, comparative law or international law. At universities in the German-speaking world to specialize in a particular area of law is usually offered.
The degree is led behind the surname, and may in parentheses below the university (mostly in Anglo-American language area ) or the specific content such as " ( Eur )" or " (Tax) " must be specified. For foreign academic degrees that were not awarded in the European Union or the European Economic Area, the indication of the awarding university is mandatory in Germany.
LL.M. in Germany
In the Federal Republic of Germany usually accompanied the end of the program with the achievement of the first legal audit (formerly First State Examination). A specialization occurs here only in the academic part of the examination or in postgraduate courses (for example, licentiate of canon law, lic. Iur. ). After the completion of the 1st and / or 2nd law degree, even in Germany the opportunity to make a more in-depth specialization within a postgraduate postgraduate degree and the academic degree of " Legum Magister " or " Master of Laws " ( LL.M.. ) to acquire. Some post-graduate studies there in Germany in the field of commercial law and European law ( LL.M.Eur. ) And their respective corresponding specialization. Also, for several years, various specific Master's programs, some with strong business additives offered.
In most German LL.M. degree programs passing the first legal state examination suffices as admission requirement. In some German universities, certain conditions must be met for admission in addition, such as with a minimum grade of " satisfactory" or " fully satisfactory" passed the first state examination.
Within the framework of the Bologna process, the state exams and graduate degrees are to be replaced by the usual in Anglo-Saxon countries bachelor's and master 's degrees. In 2002, the universities by a change of the HRG the possibility to switch to Bachelor-/Masterstudiengänge. The Religious and the Conference of Interior Ministers have decided to recognize the reached at universities and colleges graduate degrees as access authorization for the higher service.
The benefits of moving to the consecutive Bachelor and Master degrees in legal education is controversial. So was defeated in the 2005 coalition agreement between the CDU, CSU and SPD at the federal level, the need of new degrees in legal education and a transfer of the Bologna process on this. Therefore, only have changed their courses on consecutive Bachelor-/Masterstudiengänge few German universities. In most cases, these are content to to study business law, has a different educational profile and not formerly trained for qualified lawyers.
The Master degree from a college is considered career qualification for the higher service if these are previously determined in the accreditation certificate for each master's degree program of the highest competent authority of cultural affairs in consultation with the respective uppermost inner authority and any necessary service authority.
- Criminology and Criminal Justice ( Criminology and Criminal Justice )
- Tax Law
- European Business Law and Management
- Insurance Law
- International Taxation
- European Master in Law and Economics
- Master of European and International Law ( Study location: Beijing)
- Competition and regulation ( competition and regulatory law)
- Corporate and Business Law ( Commercial and Corporate Law)
GGmbH JurGrad
Insurance law; Real Estate Law; Business Law; Tax Sciences; Mergers and Acquisitions; Private Wealth Management; International Business Law (English ); Medical Law;
- External degree program traffic, criminal and insurance law for qualified lawyers
- Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency Management ( LL.M.)
LL.M. in Austria
LL.M. in Switzerland
In Switzerland, according to the new Bologna study the model building on the Bachelor of Law Master's degree " MLaw " means ( Master of Law ). The former degree lic. is considered equivalent to a MLaw, pursuant to a decision of the Swiss University Conference on 1 December 2005. for listing in the Bar Register, you need a lawyer patent, which requires the MLaw. The degree LL.M. however, awarded the Swiss universities so far only for a special education that serves the in-depth scientific work in a focus area. What is the difference between a MLaw and an LL.M. exists, the MLaw is not entirely clear, particularly as a result of the Bologna model of the stage of manufacturing actually the Anglo-Saxon LL.M. corresponds.
Presumably this distinction dates back to the time when in Switzerland, the first possible legal conclusion the lic. and already the Bachelor of Law was not like today, and thus in all cases, an LL.M., usually completed at a foreign university, after obtaining the degree lic. was possible.
In practice, due to a distinction between LL.M. and MLaw problems arise if it about to the admission of foreign students with a Bachelor of Law at a LL.M. Program in Switzerland goes, which in the case of non- admission to a loss of attractiveness of the Swiss LL.M. Conducts programs or in the case of admission to the unequal treatment of Swiss students, if only after obtaining a MLaw to a Swiss LL.M. Program be approved. Conversely, graduates of Swiss universities could be at a disadvantage on the international labor market when they get to five years of study the degree MLaw while abroad at this stage the degree LL.M. will be given. It is therefore conceivable that with increasing experience with the Bologna model, this distinction between MLaw and LL.M. is abandoned. This would also correspond to the actual Bologna system: The general conclusion done with the Bachelor of Law ( BLaw ) and the indentation for selected and highly qualified students takes place in a master's program. One of acquired at a foreign university LL.M. Degree but is expected to retain its value even as identification on foreign experience and knowledge of a foreign legal system.
Maîtrise en droit (France)
The final study " Maîtrise en droit " in France is the first state exam in Germany and the English LL.M. comparable. He authorized in France to participate in the Concours for visiting the École nationale de la magistrature (National School of Judges in France ), based in Bordeaux, or to visit a law school.