Neobatrachia

Polar toad ( Bufo boreas )

Neobatrachia - to German as " Modern Anura ", "New Anura ", " Higher frogs " or " Neufrösche " - is a suborder of the Anura, which in turn belongs to the class of amphibians ( amphibian ). With around 5600 species, almost 97 percent of all Froschlurcharten this subordination be attributed.

Features

The distinction between frogs and toads in "lower " ( Archaeobatrachia ), and more recently "middle" ( Mesobatrachia ) and "higher" frogs - which is not without controversy quite and with increasing knowledge rather uncertain is the clear because some putative differentiation factors proven across groups - done primarily by features of the anatomy, especially of the bone structure, as well as some externally visible characteristics and behaviors. In detail, in three superfamilies of Neobatrachia - however, this classification is not yet clear; some families are assigned different - identifies the following characteristics:

Superfamily Hyloidea ( Bufonoidea ) - tree frogs, True Toads and Relatives

The jaw bones are toothless ( toads) or bezähnt ( tree frogs ); the shoulder belt is movable ( in the tree-frogs with cartilaginous sternum ); the sacral vertebrae have a more or less broadened transverse processes and are indirectly connected to the Urostyl ( tailbone ); there are five to eight procoel shaped, presacral vertebrae; Ribs are not present; the pupils are mostly aligned horizontally, the Amplexus by the male axillary done. The larvae have a left-side breathing hole and usually two upper and three lower rows of teeth in the mouth area.

(former) superfamily Microhyloidea - mouthed

This only made ​​the family -mouthed ( Microhylidae ) existing taxon has diplasiocoele on or procoele vertebrae. Your shoulder belt is rigid, often regressed. Teeth are usually not available on the palate and roof are transverse Asked dermal ridges. The breathing hole of the tadpoles leads to the midline of the abdomen; Horn pine they have not. In more recent phylogenetic overviews the mouthed are attributed to the Ranoidea.

Superfamily Ranoidea - True Frogs and Related

Pine are bezähnt; There are seven presacral vertebrae procoele whose neural arches do not overlap like roof tiles; the last Präsacralwirbel amphicoel is formed ( emarginate at both ends); the sacrum is biconvex; the transverse processes of the sacrum are cylindrical and indirectly connected to the coccyx; the shoulder belt is rigid with a few exceptions. There is a lack ribs; the pupils are horizontal; the Amplexus by the male axillary done.

Demarcation to the other sub- systems

Common to all is the presence of Neobatrachia neopalatinen bone, the fusion of the third distal carpal bone with other carpal bones, the complete separation of the Sartorius muscle from the semitendinosus and the presence of an additional head of the long adductor muscle. Undisputed is the fact that overall the number of vertebrae has been reduced during evolution from nine to five minimal in recent anurans.

More clearly defining the Neobatrachia in contrast to the only 28 types of Archaeobatrachia is ( see, eg, toads, Disc- ). To this point, among others, eight to nine amphicoel or ophistocoel shaped swirl on and have free ribs to the vertebrae II to IV For them, the pairing takes place inguinal amplexus, so in the lumbar region; the larvae have their breathing holes on the ventral side. The 1993 removed as Mesobatrachia species (about 187; see for example spadefoot, Western mud diver American spadefoot, Zipfel frog) negotiate with their characteristics between the other two sub-orders - their most striking common outer characteristic are mostly vertical slit pupils ( which, however, in some Neobatrachia also can occur, for example, see red-eyed tree frogs, wood frogs Steiger ).

Families and sub-families of the suborder Neobatrachia

(Sorted in alphabetical order, on the presentation of distinguished above " superfamilies " is omitted )

  • Subordination Neobatrachia Reig, 1958 - "Modern Anura " Family Blattkrötchen, Allophrynidae Goin, Goin & train, 1978 ( The only way Allophryne ruthveni, is regarded as sister taxon of Centrolenidae )
  • Family Aromobatidae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006 Subfamily Allobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
  • Subfamily Anomaloglossinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
  • Subfamily Aromobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
  • Subfamily Arthroleptinae Mivart, 1869 ( incl hair frog)
  • Subfamily forest dart frog, Leptopelinae Laurent, 1972 (formerly the reed frogs found )
  • Subfamily cents Role Ninae Taylor, 1951
  • Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae Guayasamin, Castroveijo - Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada & Vilà, 2009
  • Subfamily Batrachylinae Gallardo, 1965
  • Subfamily Ceratophryinae Tschudi, 1838
  • Subfamily Telmatobiinae Fitzinger, 1843
  • Subfamily Alsodinae Mivart, 1869
  • Subfamily Cycloramphinae Bonaparte, 1850
  • Subfamily Colostethinae Cope, 1867
  • Subfamily Dendrobatinae Cope, 1865
  • Subfamily Hyloxalinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
  • Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae Lutz, 1954
  • Subfamily Phyzelaphryninae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
  • Subfamily Hylinae Rafinesque, 1815
  • Subfamily Pelodryadinae Günther, 1858
  • Subfamily gripping frogs, Phyllomedusinae Günther, 1858
  • Subfamily Vences & Glaw Boophinae, 2001
  • Subfamily Vences & Glaw Laliostominae, 2001
  • Subfamily coat Linae Laurent, 1946
  • Subfamily Asterophryinae Günther, 1858
  • Subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889
  • Subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882
  • Subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843
  • Subfamily Hoplophryinae Noble, 1931
  • Subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869
  • Subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931
  • Subfamily Microhylinae Günther, 1858
  • Subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
  • Subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931
  • Subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
  • Subfamily Buergeriinae Channing, 1989
  • Subfamily Rhacophorinae Hoffman, 1932
  • Subfamily Holoadeninae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
  • Subfamily Strabomantinae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
Lissamphibia Glass frog Arthroleptidae Craugastoridae Hyloxalus Shovelnose frog Leptodactylidae Purple frog
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