Perpetual calendar
As a perpetual calendar tables are known which allow the determination of the weekday for a given date.
Likewise, running under this label tables for display of holidays, and day of the week and the date ( watches, computers, ...). Furthermore, the title " Eternally " is for selected periods of time - often years - only in computer programs used for calendars, or " everlasting " / "permanent ..." / "Universal ... - " in encyclopedias. The concept of the perpetual calendar is used for complex movements of the pocket or wrist watches ( Grand Complication ) to describe a built- in a clock calendar mechanism, the " continually " displays the correct date and while the various lengths of all months ( semi- perpetual calendar ) or just the 30 or 31 days ( the month of February has to be corrected manually, consider annual calendar ). More complex movements also take into consideration the four-year anniversary of the leap years, often even the exceptions in the centuries ( perpetual calendar ).
Often perpetual calendar are only valid for a certain period, eg several centuries or even millennia.
- 4.1 Gregorian Calendar
- 4.2 Perpetual Julian calendar 4.2.1 base
- 4.2.2 Layout
General
According to definition, a calendar ( calendar ) is an overview of what the weekday designation assigns the date within a given period of -Jahr/Monat/Woche-. A Perpetual Calendar is therefore really only be described as a calendar when the belonging to a date, day of the week can be read for any year.
It should be noted that a perpetual calendar ensures only with considerable additional effort that also the data of moving holidays like Easter are displayed correctly.
Also referred to one specific calendar reforms or calendar designs as perpetual calendar, such as the World Calendar or international perpetual calendar.
History
On the diverse perpetual calendar in the Soviet Union have developed in modern times. The reasons for this development are to be found in the introduction of the calendar was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars in November 1929 with the weekday names still were, but lost their meaning. For there was a broken five-day week with twelve months of 30 days and five days off. This was followed in November 1931, the transition to six-day week and 1940, came again the seven-day week.
So the old weekday system was reintroduced in 1940 and the importance of the calendar, especially the perpetual calendar, rose sharply. It always seemed new perpetual calendar, and began mass production of calendars made of cardboard. The Pappkalender, however, had not the life of an imaginary product for eternity, so that was begun in the 1960s to produce perpetual calendar made of aluminum. These were primarily turntable designs. In the 1970s, the hub of the calendar, however, were again made of cardboard, which had to go back the demand, and calendar tables have been increasingly re- issued. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a disappearance of perpetual calendar with it. Most of the remaining only worked until 2000, so they are then almost completely disappeared. Today it is the weekday calculation mainly a computer.
Examples for determining the day of the week
For the following examples (also 12 thumbnails) is by definition not really justified the term " calendar ".
Rigid tables
Perpetual Julian and Gregorian calendar for 28 centuries
In the table here under the numbers of the centuries are (first two digits of the year ), left to Julian system, the right to the Gregorian.
In the upper part - here next - are the years in the century (last two digits of the year). At the intersection of century - row and column - years we find the dominical letter for the year.
Under the example calculation are the months. Months that begin with the same day of the week, standing in a row.
The starting point is now in the monthly line the column of the Sunday letter found above. At the intersection with the line day of the month there is the day of the week.
Leap years are shown in red.
The year "00" is an exception. It is in the Julian calendar always a leap year. In the Gregorian calendar only when the full year number by 400 divides evenly. The years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 ... so Gregorian non-leap years.
The century "0" is assigned to the year 1 AD.
Weekday determination for March 31, 2006: At the intersection of Years column "06" with Gregorian 20 is found from the table centuries the Sunday letter " A". Next one looks in the line of March ( Table months) Sunday letter " A". At the intersection of this column with the line of the month day 31 we find the Friday.
Weekday determination for 1 January 45 BC: From the fact that there is no year zero in calendar Julian normal and therefore the year 1 AD, the year 1 BC precedes corresponds to the year 45 BC Christ the calculated year " -44 ", this can in turn be represented as " -100 56 ". At the intersection of Years column " 56 " with the line " -1" we find the dominical letter "B". The year 45 BC was a leap year, so you look right in the table months the entry " January " ( leap year - red). In this line, one goes from Sunday letter "B" down to the row with the day of month 1 and finds Friday.
January 1, 1900 of the Julian calendar julian The Year 00. is a leap year, at the intersection with julian. Century 19 is the Sunday letter " A". Based on " January " ( leap year - red) "A" gives the day of the month 1 Saturday.
January 1st, 1900 Gregorian date: the year 00 gregn. is a common year, at the intersection with gregorian. Century 19 is the Sunday letter " G". Based on " January " and "G" is found at the day of the month with 1 representing Monday.
31 days - January 28/29 Days - February ( common year / leap year) 31 days - March 30 days - April 31 days - may 30 days - June 31 days - July 31 days - August 30 days - September 31 days - October 30 days - November 31 days - December
Note: This table calendar was in the Soviet Union as the long-term calendar table at the most convenient -to-use.
From the perspective of the tangled year and the Augustan correction - has to determine the day of the week before the year 8, only hypothetical value.
This calendar table corresponds largely W. Bogatyrjows " perpetual calendar " of 1931 ( таблицу В. Богатырева ), emerged from " A perpetual calendar " by S. Emi, and was based on the 1957 published " Table Calendar for the 20th century " by an unknown author ( Табель - календарь вожатого на XX век ) edited.
The Russian Tupjakow developed a table, the calendar of Tupjakow, from which one can read the valid from 14 possible annual calendars from 1583. The period immediately preceding that is only proleptically important.
If the relevant instructions corresponding to the above examples of the desired day of the week was determined, is by no means certain that the result found is true because it can not be checked easily. It must be the result, so to speak believe, or shall, after the corresponding entries in a computer of the week displayed here as a proper comparison.
Devices with mobile elements
In 1929, the Russian publishing house " Гудок " ( Gudok ) out a metal calendar. It consisted of a rigid base on which two concentric circles were applied, and a rotatable disc. On the outer circle were the dates, days of the week that are repeated four times on the circle located on the inner. In seven parallel arrays of rigid base the months were recorded. A disk sector showed on days 1 to about 31, there was a cutout in the days of the week were visible.
Construction of a perpetual calendar
A perpetual calendar has day of the week for each date on everyone in the future and in the recent past show extensive period of time and thereby meet the criterion of calendar overview.
It is therefore necessary to find an algorithm that assigns date without special use instructions - in principle as a one-year calendar of the week and provides a good measure of the result.
According to the Calendar definition is to display a single week day when entering the date in the following separated representation, although this function is also partially handled under the heading Calendar; but here is no overview related apparent.
Apart from the Day of the Week and the holidays can be a calendar for daily use contain a lot of other information; is primitive addressed only the base calendar in the following illustration.
Gregorian Calendar
Basis for the representation of everlasting calendar is the following calendar 1991 to 2000.
This ten-year calendar represents a section A above permanent calendar of C. H. Beck
In what year enters a coincidence? In leap year 1992 is January 1 on a Wednesday; in which the leap year is Jan. 1. back on Wednesday? The solution is given by using the available data. From the basic leap year day 5 days a week are to be added or subtracted two weeks days to move to the next leap year. Accordingly, the day of the week, January 1, 1992 Wednesday, 1996 Monday, 2000 Saturday, 2004 Thursday, 2008 Tuesday, 2012 Sunday, 2016 Friday, 2020 Wednesday. 1992 corresponds to the year 2020 The finding is so consistent. A base calendar is always after 28 years of re-usable. The respective common years between repeat likewise of all 28 years. The well-known congruence is most apparent in the way committed here.
A calendar for longer periods of time is represented by first calendar for 28 years after the above pattern. This is identical in the weekday following series of 28 years ( Kleiner cycle 7 weekdays x 4 years leap day rhythm ). This process is repeated until we reach the desired time frame. What kind of year we begin, here is freely selectable. The "Next back " of the first of January is known by one day or two days after a leap year. This results in division of 365 days / Common year divided by 7 days / week = XY, with a remainder of 1 day. It is thus clear; a common year always ends with the day of the first of January, a leap year thus consistent with the result of the week.
Note: The result of division XY = 52 weeks and has no meaning in terms of the calendar week.
Pope Gregory XIII. certain inter alia, in principle, that on Thursday, October 4 1582jul. immediately Friday, October 15 1582greg. had to follow as the beginning of the new calendar account and only the completion of a century - year calendar may have a leap day, when the full -year figures by 400 ( without remainder ) are divisible. The common year calendar for the years 1700/1800/1900 are accordingly classified into the eternal Gregorian calendar design.
For the year that follows each year hundreds of final year calendar, it should be noted that there is an annual calendar, which three years before a leap year is, to the "Next back " of 1 January cater to and to get to the leap day rhythm.
After the establishment of a perpetual Gregorian calendar, we note that congruent repeated the sequence of annual calendar after 400 years. The respective blocks in the diagram are the corresponding set from 1600 through today.
Perpetual Julian calendar
Now, the weekdays are subordinated to the dates before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar to.
Base
Calendars were formerly not in widespread use today. The people were informed by the authorities, which weekday is each. When the assignment of the weekend days was introduced to date is clear, if we take as a basis the Gregorian calendar, but the more we saw today out in the past, the more diffuse the calendar appears handling, as it seems to have been practiced.
-Karl Mütz writes in "Fascination Cal " Polygon -Verlag " 1999 - 3.1 " The Roman Calendar "on page 30, last paragraph:
" The priests had the calendar reform (the Julius Caesar ) ( mean ) probably not fully understood., You did not submit the leap one after three years, but for the third year ... This error has been ... by Gaius Octavian ( Emperor Augustus ) corrected by the intercalary days were removed from 8 BC to 8 AD ".
In Grothefend is executed, the January 1 of the year 1 was a Saturday ( Saturday). This can be regarded as correct only neglecting the bias ends.
Neither here at the time of the previous correction of the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, is of a weekend day name mentioned. In contrast, the proclamation of Gregor. calendar; on Thursday, October 4, 1582 was followed immediately by Friday October 15th, 1582. Regarding the latter point, already the use of weekday names had stabilized. Everything that took place before this is not comprehensible respect.
-Heinz Zemanek writes in " Kal and chronology " -5. Pad on page 19, prov paragraph:
"The week is one of the oldest calendar terms, and is the order of time the longest uninterrupted applicable. Currently Christ she sat down by the Roman Empire and was since then in an uninterrupted sequence. , The week comes from the Middle East, but no one knows when the use came - no one knows so when the first Saturday was. but you can back the project week period arbitrarily far into the past, and have done many chronologists ".
-Hannes E. Impact describes in "A day too much ," page 20: " The week that an invented by man time " the issue and on page 21 -7. Line:
" An unresolved question is when ... was the 7 -day week. During the first century BC, the seven-day week was in a part of the Roman Empire in any case already common. "
Hermann Grotefend "Taschenbuch der era " Hahnsche bookstore 1915 - page 16 ( " Systematic part " ) under " name days " like this:
" Only in the Middle Ages has begun at all a stabilization of the day designation Back then with reference to the foregoing or just past fixed or Holy Days with respect to your name (ie, not yet: Mon or Tue / Wed ... ). ". ( ( Provisions of paragraph is no quote) )
In summary, one can say that it does not appear possible to find an unambiguous statement in the distant past; the base with respect to the assignment of the weekday for date is the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, not the introduction of the Julian calendar. For this reason, it also makes more sense after the Gregorian abzuhandeln the structure of the Eternal Julian calendar, although there has historically been of the order of application fro vice versa.
Construction
We start the construction of the eternal. julian. Calendar using the January 1 of the year 1 taken weekday block - AD with weekday "Sa " the years column is "01" an annual column of the month and from gregorian Cal - is assigned, in which the day of the week "Sa " three years before a leap year is (as the year 4 must be a leap year AD). It does not matter which representation is used concretely; the system of the Eternal Here " Greg.Kal. " - can be rotated and rollable. That is, what year is exactly where classified is irrelevant. Now the subsequent years of the series after the weekday column as pre- assigned to the year on the right side (see used example). Are 28 columns occupied, we start to me the next year column to the left of the front. etc. etc. until the first block from the year 1 AD until the year 100 AD ( a leap year, like all years divisible by four ) is filled.
To the individual years or their blocks to assign the centuries clearly, we add a blank line before the order is continued. After creation of the 7th block, we start with the congruent to the 1st century block of 8th century and thus have the 700 - year - Wiederholturnus of julian. Calendar worked out.
Century
Assuming that there has been no statement in the calendar year "zero", therefore the first century begins with the first day of the year 1; here denoted by 01. 100 years have passed, when the December 31 of the year 100 is over.
This is not in dispute; all secular years - with the zeros are the final or closing years of the century, not the beginning years.
Return of the annual calendar
How do the individual annual calendar ( base calendar ) repeat within the centuries?
We accept following recognition beyond doubt from the perpetual calendars. A joint annual calendar is congruent with that which begins with the same day of the week, mutatis mutandis ditto leap year calendar.
If a common year three years before a leap year, it returns after six years, and then twice after eleven years back (6 11 11 = 28), it is two years before a leap year, the calendar returns after eleven years, after six years and again after eleven years (11 6 11 = 28) again, it is a year before a leap year, after eleven years, after eleven years and again after six years (11 11 6) again. Here, you will easily notice: There are actually only 14 years returns to scale: seven for common years and seven for leap years. It is in turn determined again that repeat leap years calendars only after 28 years.
The Eternal Calendar
The time calculations Julian and Gregorian are summarized in a copy. This is based on the congruence of the years 1600 and 2000. The data are classified accordingly.
Why now the term " Perpetual calendar " appears as a solution for the future as justified?
It is around 3300 years required by exclamations of the Gregorian calendar expectant extra leap day scheme involves the elimination of a previously regular leap day. Suppose that the then leaders decide, this leap day in 4800 - a year hundreds of Graduation year calendar Gregorian - eject.
The 1st of January this year, the day of the week "Sa " (see index "e "). We now organize - because of the removal of a leap day - the common year 4800 for index "h" a. The year 4801 begins with "So". We organize this year the beginning of the 7th century julian - the lowest block - a. Only here which January 1 occurs three years before a leap year. The fourth year after the ejection of a previously regular leap day must be a leap year again.
For any other accepted at the time of Wegfalles a leap day, the procedure is the same possible.
This is almost proved; the Gregorian calendar meets all requirements of the necessary leap day rule for all times. He does not just back for thousands of years, but he is also able to change the Earth's orbit, the tilt angle of Earth's axis and other not mentioned in the context of this paper time factors of celestial mechanics without leaving the calendar system to compensate for what the brilliant performance of the physician and astronomer Aloysius Lilius underlines that the calendar has created in principle.
The people who had to record two data according to the calendar change on various documents for einunddenselben day - date according to the Julian calendar and the date according to the Gregorian calendar had to make a conversion.
The progress of the weekday name - no interruption of the weekday result in introduction of Gregor. Calendar - each serving as a control option for the accuracy of the result.
According copy the adjacent birth certificate was the birth date on 31 January 1881jul. and on February 12, 1881greg .. Coincidentally, the day of the week Saturday. Ditto the date of issue of the document: August 25 1881jul. or 1881greg September 6, day: . Tuesday. Difference: 12 days of counting.