Plug-in-Hybrid

A plug -in hybrid, also called plug-in hybrid, is a vehicle with hybrid drive, the battery can also be charged externally via the power grid. He usually has a larger battery than a pure hybrid, thus providing a hybrid between the latter and an electric car dar.

Common abbreviations are PHEV ( Plug -in hybrid electric vehicle ) or PHEV ( plug-in for English hybrid electric vehicle ).

Lines of development for PHEV

The graph shows two columns ( column headers G and H) of the schema name of the PHEV. Nevertheless, there are different drive concepts. The reason is that the development of PHEV has used relatively late, and was carried out by development of two different drive concepts.

Both the hybrid drives ( column F) can be viewed as a precursor, as well as the purely electric drives shown in the diagram to the right (column I) are positioned. In hybrid vehicles such as the Toyota Prius is a full hybrid, so called because already in certain driving conditions ( operating temperature, low speed, low power consumption ) can be purely electric. However, the battery must have for this purpose a certain minimum charge. If it is deeply discharged, the electric drive is not approved by the controller.

The battery used in the prototype of the Prius PHEV is of a different type ( lithium - ion ), but their energy content is not significantly greater than in the original model. However, it can be recharged at a charging station or a home power socket. This enables the functionality of the electric drive is significantly expanded, but the need for an electrically powered drive amount of energy must not only be generated while driving with the combustion engine, but can already be provided by nocturnal charging at the power socket.

The development of PHEV in accordance with the column H in the drive scheme was carried out from an entirely different motivation. It should be created, then to recharge the battery during a ride when the state of charge would have made a further travel on the basis of an existing electric vehicle the opportunity. These vehicles thus equipped with a range extender, an " extended range ". This is in some cases ( GM Volt ) from an internal combustion engine, whose task it is to recharge the battery using a generator. It is this range extender makes the original electric vehicle to a hybrid vehicle. As an electric car it would of course be charged from the power outlet. This functionality can retain course, even if the additional charging option is given by Range Exter Santander.

The difference between the two plug-in characteristics is therefore essentially in which energy is the primary and which the secondary. In the case of column G there is a fuel in the case of column H but electrical energy.

During a Power, namely, the electric motor, is "hybrid electric" defined by the name, the second drive ( the so-called " extended range " ) is once desired. On other models and prototypes but this is usually a conventional internal combustion engine, so the suggested starting in 2003 but has since ceased again Renault Kangoo Elect'road.

Plug-in Hybrid vehicles combine the advantages of battery-powered vehicles and gasoline vehicles: On shorter routes and in city traffic the car drives with the electric drive quiet, emission-free and economical with power from the battery, while by the second drive (for example, the Benzinverbrenner ) the car will still move if the battery is empty and thus a greater range is possible. Disadvantages include the high manufacturing costs significantly higher than those of a non- hybrid vehicle steckdosenladbaren again. The duration of speed over long distances is determined by the performance of the Reichweitenverlängerers.

Examples

The General Motors subsidiary Saab was already introducing to Stockholm Motor Show in March 2006, a plug-in hybrid convertible (based on the Saab 9- 3s), without especially emphasize the plugin capability; The Company Lithium Technology Corporation ( LTC) and Zytek system presented in late 2006 for a plug -in hybrid converted Smart Forfour with battery cells of the Thuringian Gaia Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH.

General Motors presented at the IAA 2007, the model of Opel Flextreme and Volt plug -in hybrid Chevrolet. For the Range Extender, the three variants were presented with Bluetec diesel, gasoline and fuel cell hydrogen.

2011, the launch of the Opel Ampera was ( identical to the Chevrolet Volt).

Volvo presented at the IAA 2007 in front of the Volvo ReCharge. Four -wheel motors replace here even the brakes. Braking is only with the wheel hub motors. The 2011 presented V60 plug-in hybrid has been available since the first quarter of 2013.

BYD introduced at the Geneva Motor Show 2008, the F3 DM. 20 kWh lithium - iron - phosphate batteries from our own production, 50 kW petrol engine and 50 kW electric motor, 110 km range with power. Socket for 230 V and for a fast charge. The car should fall of 2008 on the Chinese market in 2010 and come to Europe.

Toyota presented at the IAA in Frankfurt in September 2009, based on the third generation of the Toyota Prius plug-in full hybrid variant, the Toyota Prius PHV. According to the manufacturer, he achieved in pure electric drive 100 km / h top speed and has a range of 20 km. End of 2009, Toyota will start so that a leasing project with over 500 vehicles, including about 150 in Europe. The series introduction took place in October 2012.

The successor of Renault Kangoo Cleanova II has a specially designed drive unit which mixes in parallel ( from 80 km / h) and serial ( below 80 km / h) and 60 kW electric motor and 40 kW combustion engine has better performance than the conventional versions.

The Daimler AG designs at the moment plug- in hybrids with combustion engines, which are based on the Sprinter vans. The first prototypes are already in a customer- oriented driving tests in the United States in use.

Porsche combined with the 918 Spyder, which will be available in small series from 2014, a 368 kW ( 500 hp) V8 engine with two electric motors on the front and rear axle with overall mechanical output of 160 kW (218 hp). The 320 km / h fast supercar to 100 km / h in under 3 seconds, but consume 3 liters of fuel even if the driving style or emit 70 g CO2/km. In addition, it should be able to up to 25 km move purely electrically. The basic price of 918 belauft to € 768,026

BMW at the IAA presented the concept car BMW i8, a plug-in hybrid supercar the overall concept was developed from the outset to save energy. Components of the electric drive system divides the i8 i3 electric car with the BMW. Both vehicles are made of carbon fiber and light alloy. The all-wheel drive is realized via a located on the front axle electric motor and a second attached to the dual-clutch transmission electric motor. In addition, it is powered by a 1.5 -liter three-cylinder turbo diesel. With a curb weight of 1395 kg and a total drive power of 262 kW ( 356 hp) accelerates the i8 in 4.8 s from 0 to 100 km / h In the European cycle, it consumes only 2.7 liters of diesel and meets only 99 g / km CO2. Purely electric he has a range of 35 km, which can be increased with a combustion engine to 700 km.

In Switzerland, the company has swisscleandrive developed a parallel plug-in hybrid drive and introduced as a prototype in the Fiat 500 at the Auto Zurich 2009. The car can be 20-30 km electric power alone, has in hybrid mode with four-wheel drive and 122 hp. Consumption is depending on the driving mode between 0 and 5 liters of gasoline and 0-20 kWh Strom/100 km. A pre-production of the Fiat 500 swisscleandrive 2011 should come on the market and the patented control can be adapted to other cars. The development was set in 2012 for financial reasons.

Mitsubishi exhibited at the Paris Motor Show 2012 with the plug-in hybrid Outlander the first plug-in hybrid four-wheel SUV in the world before. Thanks to its lithium -ion battery with a capacity of 12 kWh it reaches a pure electric range of 52 km. The total range of over 800 km with an average fuel consumption of 1.9 l / 100 km NEDC measurement method. The 2.0 liter petrol engine with 89 kW (121 hp) and two electric motors with 60 kW ( 82 hp ) allow maximum speeds up to 170 km / h It can be charged within 5 hours on a conventional socket or to 80 percent in 30 minutes on a fast charger after CHAdeMO standard. The production of the European version of the plug -in hybrid Outlander was launched in August 2013. In Germany, the hybrid vehicle starting in May 2014 will be available at a starting price of 39,990 euros.

Critique and alternative approaches

Has criticized this line of development Honda President Takeo Fukui: He considered these vehicles as battery electric vehicles that unnecessarily lugging around an internal combustion engine and fuel tank with it.

To avoid this additional load during daily operation, in which the range of the batteries often enough, there are three concepts:

• The Mindset AG under the then leadership of Murat Günak wanted to make the engine easily expandable. The development was largely discontinued in 2009.
• The U.S. company AC Propulsion developed a generator trailer, she calls Genset trailer. The additional weight is thus carried for long distances.
• In the prototype, Opel Twin either battery and electric drive has been carried or for long distances, a three-cylinder combustion engine.

Generally, the topic of electric mobility in Germany and Europe is currently being considered with increased interest.