Rubia tinctorum
Dyers madder ( Rubia tinctorum )
The dyers madder ( Rubia tinctorum ), also Genuine madder, madder called, is a plant of the family Rubiaceae ( Rubiaceae ). This crop is a traditional Dye plant. The term " Rubia " ( to this day the scientific genus name ) given the Romans the madder because its root contains red dye.
- 4.1 madder than dye plant
- 4.3 dyers madder as a medicinal plant
- 5.1 history of cultivation in Central Europe and the Orient
- 5.2 Growing Today
- 6.1 Literature
- 6.2 Notes and references
Description
Vegetative characteristics
The dyers madder grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches the plant height of 0.5 to 1 meter. This rosette loose Hemikryptophyt forms a red rhizome as Überdauerungsorgan. Are backward-looking hairs ( trichomes ), thus increasing the plant rough to the touch at these points on the edges of the stem and the leaves. The sharp square stems is spreizklimmend. The fourth to sixth in whorls up the stem arranged leaves are short-stalked. The simple leaf blade is ovate - elliptic to ovate - lanceolate with a length of 3 to 11 centimeters and a width of 0.8 to 2.5 centimeters and annoying network at the bottom.
Generative features
The flowering period extends from June to August. The small, star-shaped flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and fünfzählig. Yellowish green crown has a diameter 2-3 mm, and is funnel-shaped. The anthers are much longer than wide. The pens are two parts to the bottom. The drupe- like gap fruits are reddish color and color almost black with time.
Occurrence
The natural range of the dyer's madder comprises the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East. In Central and Western Europe, the dyers madder from the culture is wild. The habitat of the heat-loving plant are lands, vineyards, Waste places and roadsides.
In Germany, the dyers madder rarely occurs in Rhineland -Palatinate and Saxony, Saxony -Anhalt, he is considered extinct.
Ingredients
Most important ingredients of the dyers madder are di- and Trihydroxyanthrachinon - glycosides, in particular the 1,2- dihydroxyanthraquinone ( alizarin ). Crystallizing, canary ruberythric is Primverosid ( glycoside of disaccharide Primverose, alizarin -2 -O- β - primverosid ) and thus of the dye precursor and storage form alizarin. The dye content of the madder root reaches about 5 to 7% in the dry matter. In addition, contains dyers madder in lesser amounts Rubichlorsäure, citric acid and other vegetable acids, tannins, pectic, up to 15% of total sugars, protein and some fat oil.
Use
The dyers madder played from ancient times to the discovery of the production of synthetic alizarin a central role as Dye plant in Central Europe and the entire Mediterranean area. It is one of the oldest colorants of mankind and compared to other dyes, which resulted in a red, relatively inexpensive. The madder root was one of the most important crops and a widely traded between Asia and Europe. It was grown in ancient times by the Egyptians, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans. In Pharaonic Egypt Krapp is detectable from the 18th Dynasty ( 1552-1306 BC). Pliny the Elder told of madder cultures, even in the papyrus Holmensis he is mentioned several times, recommended, inter alia, for over-striking geblauter wool purple. In historical times, however, the dyeing with madder dyeing was quite demanding. The quality of the roots varied widely used and the staining was also influenced by the outside temperature. Quite often the color result was an orange or brick-red, the dyers were able to achieve cost-effective with other plants. Towards the end of the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern era, it was mainly dyers of the Ottoman Empire and India, which achieved consistently the desired hue. The problem was solved, that the best color result was produced by dyers madder when dyed on cotton. However, this material was at that time relatively unknown in Europe. The so-called " Turkish Red" was achieved with a three - to four-month curing process that included more than a dozen steps. Detailed knowledge of the individual steps were known in Europe until the 18th century.
Madder than dye plant
For dyeing, the three -year-old rhizomes were excavated in spring and autumn, dried in ovens and crushed. Fresh rhizome is yellow inside, only when drying the red dye developed ( alizarin ). In addition to alizarin (six to ten percent of dry matter ) are purpurin, anthraquinone and other organic compounds in the root contain. The hue, depending on the stain and of extraction vary between a bright red, a red - orange and pink. Together with alum as a mordant was colored red, above all wool, and with Eisenbeize was achieved blackish hues. The color stands out as a textile dye by a high light fastness and washing resistance. Known applications are or were Turkish headgear (Fes ) and historical uniforms. The peeled and ground root of the madder was formerly known as Grapp.
Krapplack
With various metal oxides or metal salts ( aluminum or tin salts ) form the dyes contained very colorful complexes, which are known as madder paints (eg Alizarin Madder Lake ). In the synthetic type, which can be produced since 1869, there are usually a Alizarinkrapplack. Krapp paints are traded under different names: " bed Oberlack ", " Madder Carmine ", " madder - purple ", " Rembrandt paint ", " Rubensrot ", " Turkey red " or " Vandyke Red". Madder has been known since ancient times and is described by Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder.
Madder was used in all artistic techniques such as easel painting, pastel, book painting and oil painting. The Alizarinkrapplack is also used as a pigment, eg for the formulation of lightfast, wallpaper, for artists' paints and printing inks. The natural lacquer is not entirely resistant to light.
Dyers madder as a medicinal plant
For medicinal purposes, the root of the madder dyer has been traditionally used. We used the dyers madder earlier as a medicinal herb because of its beneficial effect in diseases of the urinary tract, especially in kidney and bladder stones, also in gout, rickets and anemia. From this use can be seen from today, because some ingredients are considered carcinogenic. The approvals krappwurzelhaltiger drugs were accordingly revoked on 15 March 1993 by the Federal Health Office.
In homeopathy, the products extracted from fresh, flowering herb Ur tincture in anemia, malnutrition, amenorrhea and Milzbeschwerden is applied.
Cultivation
History of cultivation in Central Europe and the Orient
The Benedictine it was probably that brought the plant over the Alps, and Charlemagne strongly recommended their culture. Major growing areas were in the Middle Ages in Dutch Zeeland ( since the 12th century ), in the Upper Rhine (Alsace, since the 13th century ). In the Middle Ages Speyer was for the red dye ( red Speyer ) is known, has been obtained from madder. This was grown in large scale in the area of the city. Smaller regions there were around Braunschweig, France ( Provence), Spain ( Castile ) and Hungary. The Alsatian Krapp, the " Hagenauer blush " was widely known and was executed in significant quantities. It has helped in the middle ages with the wealth of free imperial city of Strasbourg. Large areas of cultivation also occurred in France, especially around the town of Senlis near Paris. In the 15th century, Holland took the leading position in the madder cultivation, in the following centuries it outperformed the French through intensive cultivation in southern France and in Alsace. As here the madder cultivation had come to a standstill by the revolutionary turmoil after 1789, ordered Louis -Philippe ( 1830-1848 ), the French soldiers had to wear colored with madder red pants. By this arrangement, France could promote the cultivation of madder and reclaim his important position as a supplier of the dye. In 1868, Krapp went on sale in the value of 25 million Reichsmarks. In the Netherlands, the plant was to the 19th century one of the main export products of the island Schouwen- Duiveland.
In the Orient extremely complicated staining techniques using fatty oils ( turkey ) were known with which a very intense red color was achieved (Turkish Rotgarn ). The dye was used to stain among others, the traditional Turkish headgear, the fez. Dyer crepe was also used Indian textiles since the 17th century for use. The red colors in Alsatian costumes were only possible with madder. Madder was also used in medieval panel painting, as his red-brown or pink coloring was not as sensitive to light as the more nuanced colorant from the expensive brazilwood, which was accordingly used frequently in the book illumination.
Since 1869 the dye alizarin you also could produce synthetically from coal tar, the much more expensive madder cultivation declined drastically. For the first time synthesized German chemists Carl Graebe, Carl Liebermann and Heinrich Caro the madder dye. Today dyers madder plays as well as other dye plants volume and value terms is no longer relevant and are in demand only in very small niches. Commercial cultivation is accordingly hardly any, only in the Netherlands about 50 ha dyers madder are grown annually.
Cultivation today
Dyers madder is cultivated as a perennial plant. Sow the seeds in early spring, the planting brought forward plants or rhizome pieces in spring or fall is possible. In the first year weed control with a mechanical hoe is necessary, disease and pest infestation are not profitable in the relevant rule. Infestation with Ascochyta can reduce sperm production. The nutrient requirement is relatively high, there are both nitrogen (about 120-160 kg) and phosphorus and potassium needed. The harvest of the madder root takes place for the first time after two to three growing seasons with the coming of other root crops used harvesting equipment. The root can be washed, cut into pieces and dried at 40-80 ° C. The yield of dry roots is around 15-30 t / ha.