Sign language

A sign language is a visually perceptible and manually produced natural language that is especially used by deaf and hard of hearing people to communicate, formed in conjunction with facial expressions, silently spoken words and posture and strung together in a certain sequence in sentences and discourse. There are certain cultures where non- deaf people also use a sign language, or used, for example, the female members of the Australian Warlpiri tribe and the indigenous peoples in North America. For deafblind people's gestures on the haptic perception of hand movement and hand shapes appear.

The Sign Language as shaped by deaf people, belongs to the typology of highly inflectional or agglutinative languages . A gesture may consist of several significant major components or morphemes. That's why they flexibelere word order in the sentence.

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The nature of sign language and its relationship to spoken language

The gestures are phonologically divided into four parameters, which are further analyzed phonemic in hand configuration, hand orientation, movement execution and place of movement. Many gestures are highly inflected. Information can be incorporated pronominal by various visible forms in a single gesture, such as the Verbgebärde, glossed with ICH- BOOK GIVE YOU QUICK includes the direction of movement from " I " to " you ", and quickly, and the hand configuration displays the hold of an imaginary book. When modified in the movement of " you " to " I " gives YOU BOOK GIVE - ME - QUICK. The gesture can be modified with other forms of hand to indicate what is given, for example, a thick or thin book, a bottle, a walk or golf ball, a piece of paper, a stack of books, etc. Add to that the different orientation of the hand or hands, whether the object is passed horizontally or vertically. A total of seven parts significance can be detected in this single gesture: subject, receiver ( singular or plural ), its location (left, right, near or far), object size or quantity of the object, verbiales adverb, once or repeatedly. These same additional meanings come through parts of the face and head movements, such as " like " or " reluctantly " can thus be shown. In addition to this flexion is denoted in linguistics as " incorporation ".

Due to the decomposability of sign and structure within the sentence sign languages must be regarded as an independent and full-fledged languages. You can not know how often mistakenly believed to be taken as derived from the spoken language of their environment. The name of the sign language in Germany, German Sign Language ( DGS), does not mean German in sign form, but sign language as used by deaf speakers in Germany.

Sign languages differ from country to country and even within one country. In addition to the German Sign Language ( DGS), there are Austrian Sign Language ( ASL ) as well as the Swiss German Sign Language ( DSGS ) and a variation of the Lingues Signes Francaise ( LSF) of the Geneva region. DSGS is divided into five different dialects (Zurich, Berne, Basel, Lucerne and St. Gallen dialects ). At the far spread is the American Sign Language (ASL ), used in North America, on the Caribbean islands except Cuba, in parts of Central America and some African and Asian nations.

Many gestures of different sign languages are similar to each other because of their iconic origin. Many inflections in the gestures are also similar in almost all sign languages . Therefore, deaf speakers of the different sign languages can communicate with each other fairly well while traveling or in international events. This goes under the same major designations of " International Sign Language ", " Gestuno ", and " International Sign- Talk" accompanied.

The sign language is to be processed in the same language center by Ursula Bellugi as spoken language. It is concluded that human language can no longer be defined merely as a spoken language system.

Sign font

Sign Language has not been let verschriftlichen practical for everyday use, although there are several approaches to this. For scientific purposes " notation systems " exist such as the HamNoSys ( Hamburg Notation System); this work, for example, the decomposition of each gesture in hand shape, hand position, execution range, movement execution, etc., and each corresponding symbol representations. Developed on the basis of the English Signwriting by Valerie Sutton gestures font be used only for students in the country's education center for the hearing impaired in Osnabrück and in Nicaragua. It is used with success in the first grade.

Frequent gestures are verschriftlicht by gloss transcription, a process is provided in which individual words or word strings with dash of spoken language serve as a code for gestures, always be written in capital letters. This procedure is quite incomplete and may not reflect everything that is emitted from sign language speakers. The Wortkoden are also determined not always consistent.

Manual coding systems for the German language

Distinguished from the sign language are the so-called manual- visual coding systems of the German language:

Cued Speech or mouth -hand system
Finger alphabet
Sign - supported communication ( GuK )
According language accompanying gestures (LBG ) or gebärdetes German
According language Supportive gestures ( LUG)

Sign language in national laws

There were and are efforts to anchor the sign languages by law. In Sweden, the local Swedish sign language was in 1981 recognized as a minority language. Even Uganda has constitutionally confirmed its sign language before 2000. Since 27 February 2005 constitutionally recognized in the Swiss canton of Zurich, the sign language is also part of freedom of language. The Austrian Parliament adopted in July 2005, the sign language as a recognized minority language in the Federal Constitution ( Article 8, paragraph 3). Since 2006, the New Zealand Sign Language ( NZSL ) is in addition to English and Māori an official language of New Zealand.

Sign language interpreters

Sign Language Interpreters (not in a sign language interpreter ) interpret in both directions for deaf and hearing people. It happens that in a group dominated the sign language interpretation is provided for the hearing, sign language is not competent minority (referred to as voice you ), eg Deaf conferences. There are also interpreters who interpret from one sign language to another, or from another spoken language in the local sign language (eg French in the Swiss German Sign Language ). Sign language interpreters and interpreters who interpret between two sign languages , are often themselves deaf.

Germany

In Germany at least since 2002 with the entry into force of the Disability Discrimination Act ( BGG ) the claim of deaf people to sign language interpreters (particularly for authorities, police and the court, but also in the workplace) and other communication aids ( such as font interpreter ) regulated by law.

Training for sign language interpreters are full-time study, approximately at the University of Hamburg, at the University of Magdeburg- Stendal, on the West Saxon University of Zwickau, at the Humboldt University in Berlin, studied part-time as at the Hochschule Fresenius in Idstein, or as in-service training of the Fachhochschule Frankfurt in collaboration with the University of Frankfurt am Main, the Bavarian Institute for the encouragement of communication for people with hearing impairments in Nuremberg and the Institute for Sign Language in Baden- Württemberg offered in Winnenden am Main. Further developments have been established for the purpose, so many years working sign language interpreters without training you receive an opportunity to further qualifications.

Since late 2006, a qualifying degree as sign language interpreters in many areas is required. A national examination provide to the Office of Teacher Education in Darmstadt and the Bavarian Ministry of Culture. For the state examination a training certificate is not mandatory, but probably many years of professional activity. The academic diplomas of universities and colleges can be assimilated at the request and for a fee to the state tests.

The Federation of sign language interpreters in Germany ( BGSD ) eV is the professional association organized in Germany sign language interpreters and interpreters inside.

German Switzerland

In German-speaking Switzerland, the professional association of sign language interpreters of German Switzerland ( bgd ) represents the interests of Sign Language Interpreters. The training takes place at the Academy of Special Needs Education Zurich ( FH).

Communication with animals

Roger Fouts coached the 1965 born in Africa chimpanzee Washoe to a total of 250 signs of American Sign Language ASL and tried to build up a communication between humans and animals. Even with other animals, among others Bonobos and gorillas, such spectacular dressage tests were carried out, some animals allegedly acquired a vocabulary of over 1000 words.

In contrast, other researchers examined original gestures and body signals from mensché monkeys and concluded that people used before spoken a sign language. Your observation supports an already older theory which states that the sign language was the earliest form of human communication.

Other types

Lormen - A tactile form of communication for deaf-blind
Gestuno - An internationally unified sign language
Accompany gestures as a form of nonverbal communication and support the spoken language
Diving characters as a form of sign language

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