Solar physics
As solar physics, the branch of astronomy is called, which with their physical manifestations of the sun to the object.
Important phenomena and methods
The solar physics shows to watch in their development a clear connection with the measurement technology and increase in opportunities, physical phenomena of the solar surface and solar radiation. In roughly historical order, especially the following issues must be indicated:
- Solar radiation and heat balance
- Mass of the sun and mechanics of the solar system
- Sunspots and solar rotation
- Photosphere and solar constant
- Spectral analysis ( see Fraunhofer lines )
- H -alpha radiation ( see also Balmer series and H -alpha telescope) and structure of the chromosphere
- Convection and hypergranulation
- Magnetic fields and solar activity
- Interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field and ionosphere
- Nuclear fusion in the sun's core and heat transport to the surface
- Thermodynamic equilibrium models of the solar stratification - which constitutes the beginning of the general stellar physics
- Radio emission from the sun and its causes
- Measurement and modeling of infrared and ultraviolet radiation
- Neutrino research
- X-ray and gamma radiation
- Cosmogony of the sun and of the planetary system
Impetus to the development of astrophysics and stellar physics
The solar physics represents one of the largest branches of astrophysics and has given significant impetus to their development and that of the atomic physics. At the beginning of modern solar physics are the researches of Joseph von Fraunhofer over the solar spectrum and the resulting methods of spectral analysis.
An essential step of development in the 20th century was the extension of the visual spectrum of the radiation of shorter and longer wavelengths, as well as interactions for modern particle physics.
Some important solar research
Antiquity to about 1800
- Aristotle, Pythagoras, Ptolemy, al - Ma'mun
- Athanasius Kircher, Galileo Galilei, Christoph Scheiner, Roger Joseph Boscovich
19th century
- Joseph von Fraunhofer, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
- Theodor Oppolzer, Johann Palisa
20th century
- Arthur Eddington, Hans Elsässer, Karl- Otto Kiepenheuer, Gerard Peter Kuiper, Karl Stumpff, Albrecht Unsold, Harold Clayton Urey, Hans -Heinrich Voigt, Max Forest Meier et al.