Southern Sami language
Spoken in
Uralic
- South Sami
Sma
Sma
South Sami is the most south-westerly of the Sami languages. It is highly threatened and is mainly spoken in the municipalities Snåsa and Hattfjelldalen in Norway, besides also still in Sweden. Of the approximately 2000 Südsamen only about 500 are fluent in South Sami.
- 3.1 noun
- 3.2 pronouns
- 3.3 verb
Writing and spelling
The South Sami has an official written language since 1978. The case leans heavily on the Swedish and Norwegian, and uses the following Latin alphabet: A / a, B / b, D / d, E / e, F / f, G / g, H / h, I / i, ( ï / ï) J / j, K / k, L / L, m / m, N / n, O / o, P / p, R / r, s / s, t / t, U / u, V / v, y / y, Æ / æ, Ø / ø, Å / å.
In Sweden, there usual characters Ä / ä, Ö / ö be used instead of Æ / æ, Ø / ø.
In foreign words and C / C, Q / q, W / W, X / x, Z / z are possible.
Phonology
Vowels
Vowel phonemes of the standard language (orthographic equivalents in brackets):
1The vowels i and ɨ normally both be written with i, dictionaries and other linguistic publications use but ï for the latter vowel.
2The letters æ and ø are used in Norway, ä and ö in Sweden.
The vowels can be combined into ten diphthongs:
Consonants
The South Sami has 17-20 separate consonant phonemes ( the orthographic equivalents in brackets).
All consonants except the aspirated plosives are also geminiert ago.
The aspirated plosives contrast only in initial position ( loanwords ) with the simple plosives, see Taale / t ʰ a: lə / ' number ' ~ daale / ta: lə / ' Crown (coin) ' and may perhaps also as sequences of p, t, k h are interpreted. The simple plosives may be voiced especially in the southern dialect and therefore, for example, in initial position and between unstressed vowels with b, d, g written; otherwise, they are more likely to be voiceless and with p, t, k written. Geminate plosives and affricates are considered semi- voiced and therefore with bp, dt, dts, dtj and gk written.
The so-called plosives and affricates präaspirierten be here (as in the orthography ) understood as consequences of / h / plosive / affricate, not as separate sounds. According voiceless nasals, l, r and approximants are seen as allophones next hour. However, this issue has not been investigated enough.
Sound change
In contrast to the other Sami languages are in Südsamischen no stage change, the consonants so do not alternate between different word forms.
For this is greatly expanded in Südsamischen the umlaut. From each base vowel up to 5 different umlaut variants can be formed:
Morphology
Noun
The South Sami has eight different case and the noun singular and plural. The flexion is agglutinative in essence, but the case endings are not always in the plural the same as in the singular. As a plural sign used in the nominative -h, otherwise -i/j- to which the case endings are added.
Unlike in Northern Amish are still distinguished in the accusative and genitive and locative Südsamischen and ablative. Essive and comitative singular are only collapsed in recent times.
It can be distinguished four master classes: ie strains, e - logs, a-stems and oe strains.
Overview of modern inflection of guelie ' fish ':
Sooner or umlaut of the stem vowel to öö found in the comitative singular and in the plural except the nominative instead of i: Gen. Pl göölij etc.
Pronoun
The personal pronouns also has dual forms. The other pronouns inflect like nouns.
Verb
The South Sami verb has special dual forms for the two count.
When the verb is to distinguish between ungeradsilbigen and geradsilbigen verbs, in the latter there are six different classrooms.
Overview of the forms of ie- tribes on the example of båetedh ' come ':
Syntax
In contrast to the North, the South Sami Amish has the basic structure SOV. Only the copula ( ' be ' ) and auxiliary verbs appear in second place.
In addition, also lack the copula in the third person present indicative.
For ' have ' is next to the verb utnedh a construction with the copula and genitive of the owner used: Laaran bienje ' Laara has a dog ' (literally ' Laaras is a dog ').