Sukhoi Superjet 100
The Sukhoi Superjet 100 ( SSJ 100; previously Russian Regional Jet, RRJ, English Sukhoi Superjet 100) is a twin-engined regional transport aircraft in low-wing version of the Russian aircraft manufacturer Sukhoi. The project is implemented by Sukhoi along with numerous Western partners, including Alenia and Boeing. In the interpretation of the SSJ is similar to the Embraer E- jets, the Bombardier CSeries and the failed Dornier 728 He is to replace the Tupolev Tu- 134 and Yakovlev still are frequently used in Russia Yak-42.
- 3.1 Hull
- 3.2 Suspension
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Tabulated list
History
In the 1990s created Sukhoi market studies, which led the manufacturers to pull the first time the development and production of a larger civil aircraft in Recital. Until then, Sukhoi had mainly military aircraft and aerobatic aircraft such as the Su- 26 is made. The studies showed a need for an aircraft with a capacity of less than 100 people at a range of up to 4,500 km, where they estimated the market volume of this kind regional aircraft to an approximate number of 250 machines in the Russian domestic market and 550 machines on international markets. An important stage in the construction of the aircraft was done in 2000 with the founding of Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company (Russian Graschdanskije samoljoty Suchowo ) for the construction of civil aircraft. Early on it was decided otherwise to design a much wider fuselage than usual in this class of aircraft - the fuselage width should be greater than that of the often perceived as too narrow regional jet models Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet and Embraer E-Jets, but with the width of the structurally Regional machines too wide and heavy single-aisle aircraft. In July 2002 Rosawiokosmos announced a competition for a new regional jet family with 50 to 90 seats out of which the RRJ won against the Mjassischtschew M-60 -70 and the Tupolev Tu -414 on 12 March 2003.
The studies ran initially under the name RRJ ( RRJ stands for Russian Regional Jet - Russian Российский Региональный Самолёт for aircraft for the Russian Regional traffic) and saw a family of aircraft with three models before. These were RRJ -75 called the RRJ -60, RRJ -95 and, with the number in the type designation indicated the planned average passenger capacity. Already at this early stage was advertised internationally for the project; as a cockpit and cabin mockup was exhibited at the Aero Show 2005 in Le Bourget, among others. Since the projected plane was designed as the first Russian from the start for the Western market, a cooperation agreement with the American aircraft manufacturer Boeing was closed on 13 April 2001. This was initially limited to a joint feasibility study, but was expanded to a contractual collaboration with sales, marketing and service on 13 March 2003. Boeing, not even active in the regional aircraft, it was primarily engaged as consulting company. This position is to hold, according to Boeing, Sukhoi so at least until the end of the flight test. This is a date -time process for a Russian plane.
The development costs estimated Sukhoi with a billion U.S. dollars, which are supported by Sukhoi itself, but also by government subsidies, banks and external risk partners. Has 25 % share in the responsibility for the program Sukhoi subsidiary Sukhoi Civil Aircraft (SCAC ) while the Italian company Alenia, which is designed, among other parts for the new Boeing 787 and manufactures and holds a 50 % share in the ATR consortium. The Western partners in the development were selected in October 2003. In April 2003, the PowerJet SaM146 engine enforces against the planned PW800 Pratt & Whitney Canada and Awiadwigatel. On 19 July 2004 a Siberian Airlines launch customer for 50 machines found, however later canceled the order. As a new launch customer ordered on 23 May 2006 Aeroflot 30 machines. On 28 October 2004, the official program launch of SCAC and Boeing was announced. The parts manufacturing began in February 2005. On 9 July 2006, the first ran the SaM146 powerplant in Rybinsk, the first flight took place in an IL -76 on December 6, 2007.
At the Farnborough International Airshow in Farnborough, the RRJ project was officially renamed on 17 July 2006 in " Sukhoi SuperJet 100 ". At the same time it was announced that the development of the former as the RRJ -60 variant identified would not be pursued, but is first called to the largest version, now " Superjet 100-95 " concentrate. The list price is about 28 million U.S. dollars. According to Sukhoi, the next smaller version of Superjet 100-75 is to follow some time later. Also an extension of the SSJ 100 for SSJ 100-110 is possible, however, there is the agreement with Boeing, a restriction to a maximum capacity of 110 passengers in single-class seating, so as not to compete with the small variants of the Boeing 737 of the U.S. manufacturer to come. On 10 September 2007, Alenia and Sukhoi establish the joint venture Superjet International ( SJI ), headquartered in Venice, at the Alenia holds a majority stake of 51 percent. This is among other things responsible for sales and deliveries of the Superjet 100 in the markets of Europe, North and South America, Africa, Japan and Australia. The final assembly of the first prototype began in March 2007. The static load tests, which began on 5 July 2007 in Zhukovsky. The public rollout was held in the Siberian city of Komsomolsk on 26 September 2007. After the engines were installed in February 2008 and the first flight took place then in May 2008.
Flight testing of the prototype and approval procedures
On 19 May 2008, the first Superjet graduated in Komsomolsk with chief test pilot Alexander Jablonzew and Leonid Chikunov at the wheel its maiden flight, as reported by the company in relation to the news agency Interfax. The flight took an hour and five minutes, during which the jet increased only to a maximum altitude of 1,200 m and at a speed of only 333 km / h was flown very careful. The first flight of the second prototype, which had numerous software modifications, was followed on 24 December 2008, the start of the third and fourth prototype took place on 25 July 2009 and February 4, 2010. The originally planned for late 2008 delivery date of the first machine to Aeroflot could not be complied with.
The Russian approval was initially planned for the first quarter of 2010, the European should be about six months later grant the EASA. Problems prepared the application for a type certificate for the USA, as the competent authority, the FAA aviation safety demanded the expression of interest a U.S. carrier for the type. The acting on behalf of Delta Air Lines Pinnacle Airlines expressed later, her interest, thereby Sukhoi could also apply for U.S. approval for the Superjet 100. In January 2011, the Superjet has been approved by the Russian regulatory authority IAC AR for regular operation.
During early June 2010, already tests have been successfully passed, could prove the reliable operation of the aircraft type in wet start and runways, the 7100 hours -long test program at the engine SaM146 was successfully completed and the drive of the EASA approved.
End of October 2010 considered the Russian airline Aeroflot criminal sanctions against the manufacturer because of the delayed delivery and because contractual flight simulators would not be standing in good time.
Transition to series production
The Russian aviation authority granted approval officially on February 3, 2011. A year later, on 3 February 2012, the approval was granted by EASA. On April 19, 2011, the first production aircraft (serial number SN97007 ), which launched its maiden flight on 4 November 2010, officially handed over to the Armenian airline Armavia, which was dubbed the machine in the name of Yuri Gagarin. The first scheduled flight with 90 people on board took place on April 21, 2011 from Zvartnots Armenian airport to Moscow Sheremetyevo instead.
Sukhoi began now with start-up of series production, at which time there were 17 aircraft in serial production, including five in the final production. Sukhoi planned in 2006 to increase production to about 50 to 60 machines per year and follows this project further.
Aeroflot introduced the first passenger flight by June 16, 2011, he led from Sheremetyevo Airport to St. Petersburg. In December 2011, there were already three aircraft for Aeroflot in use.
Technical Problems
In March 2012, technical problems in flight operations in Aeroflot were known. Only three quarters of the planned flight hours were flown, according to the Russian airline, mainly due to lack of spare parts and the unreliability of individual components. So had a flight to be canceled because the flaps of the nose gear did not close during retraction.
In February 2013, the operating license for four operated by Aeroflot Superjet 100 was taken away by the Russian regulatory authorities. This was due to several technical incidents.
Technology
The Sukhoi Superjet uses a fly- by-wire flight control system, including the cockpit controls of Liebherr -Aerospace ( Lindenberg ). The Superjet has the most modern cockpit in its class with sidestick and a EFIS system, which is supplied by the defense company Thales Group.
Structure
Hull
Unlike the competition aircraft Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet and Embraer E-Jets Sukhoi Superjet used the similar to the Dornier 728 a wider fuselage and brings to undergo a 2 3 seating. The cabin has large storage compartments, which can accommodate rolling suitcase.
Landing gear
Goodrich Suchoi supported in the development of the wheels and the brake systems of the chassis; The chassis itself was largely developed by Messier - Dowty. The chassis has a disc brakes, which are made of carbon fiber reinforced carbon ( CFC), and a so-called " brake-by- wire" system, can be replaced by the mechanical elements. Wheel rims made of aluminum.
International investments
The objective of the Superjet 100 was from the beginning to develop a standards-compliant and Western, efficient and competitive aircraft that is to reach the first type of Russian origin also significant sales outside the former Soviet states. For this reason, Western manufacturers were involved in the Superjet 100 is also the first time to a greater extent; so just Boeing, Sukhoi support in marketing and development, and the French engine manufacturer Snecma developed in cooperation with NPO Saturn the engine. The Italian Alenia is a 25- percent stake in charge of the project Sukhoi Sukhoi Civil Aircraft daughter (SCAC ). Alenia was chosen among others as partners, since this company is through its infrastructure and the experience gained during the ATR consortium in a position to offer the world a 24 - hour customer service, including Sukhoi would not be able alone. Conversely, the Western companies hope to gain by the Superjet access to the Russian market, the demand for new aircraft to replace aging Soviet-built machines in the coming years and decades is estimated to be very high.
Orders
Generally
On 7 December 2005, the Russian airline Aeroflot were the order of 30 machines of the type known RRJ 95, which should be delivered from November 2008. In fact, the delivery did not begin until mid-2011. As engine PowerJet SaM146 have been ordered. On 20 February 2006, the Saudi Arabian Group, " Al Suweikat Trading " ordered for the establishment of a new airline in the Kingdom of Bahrain 20 machines of this type. During the development we had to secure international sales, in constant contact with the European and U.S. authorities and constantly got comments and suggestions of an advisory committee, which includes amongst others, Air France / KLM, Alitalia, Brussels Airlines, Czech Airlines, Iberia, Lufthansa, SAS and Turkish Airlines counted. First Western customer in 2007 was ItAli Airlines with a contract for ten super jets, but the order was canceled shortly before the airline ceased its operation in 2011.
In January 2011, the Mexican airline Interjet ordered 15 aircraft of the Superjet 100, and this number increased in July 2012 to 20 machines. The first - provided with an interior of SuperJet International - machine was handed over to the customer on June 18, 2013 during the Paris Air Show.
At the Paris Air Show 2011, a contract for the purchase of twelve SSJ 100-95, was signed with the Indonesian charter company Sky Aviation. The first copy was handed over to the customer in December 2012. Also at this show ordered in June 2011 Blue Panorama Airlines eight Superjet 100-95 firmly and placed four options. In October 2013 it was reported that the financially troubled airline will either reduce or completely cancel your order clearly.
Mid-2011 Sukhoi was known as the Superjet 100 business jet ( SBJ ) offer, the first two copies are going for 200 million U.S. dollars to Swiss Aviation Group Comlux.
Tabulated list
(As of June 2013)
The originally transacted orders of Dalavia, Air Union and the Malév have ceased to exist because of the insolvency of the company.
In 2011, Armavia was the global launch customer, has but two aircraft ordered and returned one refuses to accept the other.
Incidents
- On May 9, 2012 Superjet flew 100-95 (Mark RA- 97004 ) near Bogor, Indonesia during a demonstration flight in a mountain 6.7188888888889106.72083333333 (see Sukhoi Superjet -100 crash in Indonesia, 2012). The wreck was found in the early morning hours of May 10, 2012. To 45 people (43 passengers and 2 crew ), including engineers and journalists and executives by Sukhoi and other companies were on board. There were no survivors. The published in December 2012 final investigation report are exclusively human error as the cause of the crash on.
- When testing crosswind landings with one-side engine failure a company-owned jet on July 21, 2013 made a belly landing without landing gear on the Icelandic Keflavík Airport. Here, one of the five persons on board was injured.