Vallader dialect (Romansh)

Vallader ( pronunciation [ vala dɛr ː ], also German Unterengadinisch ) is a bündner Romanesque idiom and is in the Lower Engadine between Martina and Zernez and in the Val Müstair, both areas in the east of the canton of Graubünden spoken.

• 3.1 General
• 3.2 Jawor
• 3.3 Samnauner dialect

• 5.1 Vallader
• 5.2 Jawor
• 5.3 RG
• 5.4 German

Classification

Vallader is a variant of Ladin and thus one of the five dialects of Romansh. Vallader is spoken both in the Lower Engadine, and in the neighboring Val Müstair. Overall Vallader has about 7000 speakers.

Characteristics

Comparison Romansh

Many characteristics divides Vallader with the oberengadinischen idiom turkey. On the lexical level, the languages ​​are so similar that a common dictionary exists. With turkey Vallader shares phonetically the rounded palatals [y ] and [ ø ], which do not occur in the rest of Romansh. This manifests itself even for the novice clearly visible through the numerous ü and ö in the typeface.

Also divide the two idioms possession of a Passa Passa a definitive and anteriur, both of which do not or no longer occur in the other idioms. The two tenses correspond to the Italian passato remoto and the French Passé simple. In the two Ladin idioms are these tenses the literature reserved. In Altsurselvischen such synthetic Präteritalform existed also.

Comparison turkey

Compared with turkey are in Vallader writing and pronunciation closer: On the whole, can pronunciation in Vallader derived from Scripture.

Verbs of the first conjugation end in Vallader on fitting -ar, while they end in turkey consistently stressed - he.

Rather big are the differences between the two idioms in the conjugation, for example, in the present tense of avair (Eng. have ):

Germanisms

Like the other Romansh idioms contains Vallader many Germanisms at the level of vocabulary, phraseology and at the level of grammar. Here, the examples in the lexical space relate quite well to concepts of everyday use or the Alpine environment, and are not restricted as to neologisms, of which is close to a takeover in their own vocabulary.

Examples at the lexical level: god ( from OHG forest ), nüzzaivel (German useful), Stambuoch (Eng. Capricorn) or rispli (German pencil, from Swiss German risbli, "Rice Lead ").

As examples on phraseological level fall on the numerous links of verb and adverb, for example, far aint (German canning ), crescher sweet (Eng. grow up ) or ir giò (German perish ). Also, loan translations from the ( Swiss ) German the way avair gugent (Eng. like to have ) are unusual for a romance language. The Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli coined for this common Grison Romanesque phenomenon in the 1880s, the slogan materia romana e spirito tedesco (German Romanesque base and German spirit ).

There are also combined lexical- phraseological Germanisms as far ün underlined tras il quint, make German a spanner in the works ".

In the area of ​​grammar are: the inversion after adverbs at the beginning of a sentence, the use of the subjunctive in reported speech or blocking of the auxiliary verb and past participle by other parts of sentences in the perfect tense and other periphrastic verb forms.

Dialects

Generally

In the spoken language use of the Lower Engadine and Münstertal local dialects, which may well differ considerably from the standard language. The speakers can identify the source of your contact, generally just on the place. There are, for example, for the word eu (Eng. I ) the following local pronunciations: [ ɛ ː ], [ ɛw ], [ jɛ ], [ jɐ ], [ jow ] and [ jaw ].

Jawor

Jawor is the name given to the dialect of Vallader, which is spoken in the Val Müstair.

Jawor is characterized by the emphasis on the verbs of the 1st conjugation on the penultimate syllable and the change of the ending -ar to -er. In addition, fitting a is diphthongised. Example: The Chantar (English sing ) the standard Vallader is chàunter to Jawor.

Jawor has no written language tradition. However, in 2007 a ​​story collection first appeared in Jawor.

In the schools of Val Müstair Vallader was used as the language of instruction until 2008, then for a short time RG. However, this was reversed due to the referendum in the spring of 2012.

Samnauner dialect

Samnaun ( in Vallader Samignun ) is now in German ( Tyrolean ), but originally belonged also to the language area of the Vallader. A first turning to the Tirolean already happened around 1675. 1830, concurrently with the construction of the Säumerwegs Tirolerische Spiss led a Tyrolean teacher of the German language as a language of instruction. Last Speaker of Samnauner Romansh was hot Augustin, who died in 1935. In other sources, the two sisters are mentioned prince born between 1830 and 1837 as "the last winners of the Samnauner Romanentums ".

It is well known that the debate had long approached the German or Tirolean. Busy include: