Abitur

( " Want to leave " from older Abiturium to neulateinisch abiturire ) The High School called the highest German university degree. With him the full study competence is demonstrated at a European university or college and certified with the matriculation certificate as a " testimony of a university ."

In contrast, limited the so-called subject-specific entrance exams, a " witness of the subject-specific higher " access to higher education for certain - mostly fachgebundene - curricula at universities. With a testimony of the technical college, also known colloquially school diploma, the ability for a college degree is demonstrated. The High School or the university entrance is now accessible through a variety of school and university forms.

In Austria and German-speaking Switzerland and a number of other countries one does not speak of high school, but instead uses the term Matura ( " leaving certificate " from the Latin examina matura "maturity tests " to Latin maturus "ripe" ); in parts of Switzerland, the abbreviation is used Matur.

• 6.1 Abistreich
• 6.2 pre-financing parties
• 6.3 Prom
• 6.4 graduating class trip or Abireise

History

In the 18th century the universities certain yet alone on the admission of students. As the first German state of Prussia controlled the university entrance qualification with the High School Regulations of 1788, which implemented the Standing Karl Abraham Zedlitz against church resistance. This regulation goes back to Carl Ludwig Bauer, who for the first time introduced a special examination at the Lyceum Hirschfeld 1776, were tested with the graduates on their matriculation. Johann Heinrich Ludwig Otto Meier was working at the time as rector of Joachimsthal Gymnasium Berlin in the same direction.

Wilhelm von Humboldt and Johann Wilhelm Süvern tried to unify a mandatory final examination by the directive of 1812 with exams in two ancient languages ​​, ie Latin and Greek, and also in German, mathematics, the "historical subjects" as well as French and natural philosophy, which in Prussia but could be circumvented until 1834 through entrance examinations of universities. This option used primarily adolescents from wealthy circles. On June 25, 1834 then approved by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. with the highest cabinet order a set of regulations for the examination of transitioning to university students. Then had to " every student - before his departure to the University, he may want to visit a domestic or a foreign university, submit to a Matura examination ". Purpose of this test was to " average out whether the candidate has obtained the degree of education, which is required in order to devote his benefit and success to the study of a particular scientific subject can. "

1896 were the first to make her high school diploma at Luisengymnasium Berlin six women in Prussia.

Since 2005 is the so-called German International Abitur application at German schools abroad.

Ways to School

General schools

Grammar and comprehensive schools with Gymnasium upper preparing in Germany with their two - to three-year high school prior to graduation. The entire school through high school is 12 or 13 years: primary grades 1-4, lower secondary classes 5-10 ( the Abitur after twelve years (G8) partially also: grades 5-9 ) and upper secondary grades 11-13 (G8: grades 10-12 or 11-12). If the school is shortened until graduation to twelve years, in many states, the 10th grade at the same time is considered the first year of secondary school.

Vocational schools and vocational colleges

The general High School is also acquired at vocational schools or vocational schools with Gymnasium upper level (higher vocational education). These are, for example, the commercial high school (WG ), technical school (TG ) Nutritional School ( EC), Socio-educational secondary school (SG), Agricultural Science College (AG ) or the Biotechnology Gymnasium ( BTG ). In some countries they are also called Fachgymnasium because a professional professional is authentic. The Year 13 technical secondary school or vocational high school also lead to university entrance. In addition to the general university the graduates acquire additional professional depression.

Second-chance education

Public and private schools offer courses of the so-called second-chance education, which lead over all degrees until graduation.

In Baden- Württemberg as well as in most other states adults can do with an average level of education and a vocational training at secondary vocational schools her high school diploma.

The Baccalaureate for adults with a completed vocational training or equated activities and times, even at evening high schools and college schools, be acquired in some areas at community colleges.

Some of these schools offer the so-called " High School online" to. Here, the students, the school only on two nights and is taught to the rest of the internet (online). By day, he continues to exercise his profession.

Private Schools

Among the private schools, state-approved alternative schools are distinct from the government only approved supplementary schools. Most private schools, especially the numerous ecclesiastical and Waldorf schools are recognized by the state, so it is possible to gain university entrance regularly during internal audits, but these are controlled by the school supervisory authority of the country such as in public schools.

Others only state- approved private schools with an upper branch ready - during the day or in the evening - at a high school before, which is, however, awarded only after an external state examination ( non- student Baccalaureate, Graduate School stranger or strangers school exam ).

It is also possible to register by self-organized preparation for a non- student test to acquire the testimony of a university ( see below).

Waldorf schools in twelve years of schooling lead to its own statements, the Waldorf education, with a strong emphasis on artistic subjects and social skills. The Waldorf degree can be recognized as equivalent to a state primary school or secondary school certificate. At the High School, the Waldorf schools prepare in an additional 13 school year, this is then stored to the State High School the same extent in eight subjects under the supervision of a state school. An exception is Hesse, where the secondary education of Waldorf schools is generally recognized as high school seniors. The procedure thus does not differ from state schools. On the technical college is prepared in the 12th grade, which then ceases of artistic statements. Some Waldorf schools this can be connected in a recognized occupation with an associate's degree. This allows you to leave the school after 14 years of schooling with apprenticeship and Abitur.

Distance learning courses

Even remote schools (eg ILS, SGD or HAF ) ready in about 30 to 42 months - depending on previous knowledge - to the state external examination for high school before. This route is mostly used by adults who want to catch up parallel to her professional life her high school diploma.

Degree

Associated with a university degree ( Bachelor, Diplom, etc. ) is the general higher education, the access authorization for all university courses when studying previously recorded with a testimony of the subject-specific higher or technical college. Legal basis for this are the higher laws of the countries (for example, § 10 paragraph 3 Berlin Higher Education Act, Article 43 paragraph 3 sentence 2 Bavarian Higher Education Act ).

By passing the intermediate examination or the attainment of 90 ECTS at a university certificate holders of the college entrance is in some countries, the technical university awarded (see Hessian Higher Education Act § 63 paragraph 3, sentence 2). Depending on the country, among others, the number of possible with their fields of study differs.

Non- student test

At the High School for non students (also: Gifted High School, Not High School students, strangers examination or extracurricular High School ) followed by the general university by an examination without previous visit to a specialized school. The exam preparation is carried out self-taught or using external providers, admission to the examination by the Ministry of Culture, in which the testing is to be stored.

Baccalaureate

In the high school or matriculation examinations acquired in high school competencies in selected four or five subjects to be examined. The audit notes flowing in the average grade of the secondary school leaving certificate with a.

The Baccalaureate in writing and orally, the procedure differs significantly in Germany from country to country.

In 15 of 16 countries, a so-called Central High School will be stored in the written tests, only in Rhineland -Palatinate they are performed locally. All high school exams are evaluated by a first and a second reviewer. The method for establishing the grade differs again from state to state.

In which and how many subjects an oral examination is taken, is also regulated differently. At least one oral examination is compulsory. It is possible sometimes a presentation ( eg in Hesse). In some countries, additional oral examinations may be held at the request of the student in one or more subjects, if he hopes written in poor performance on an improvement. In some countries, group tests of up to three students are possible, the test duration tripled in this case. The oral examination is conducted by an examining committee consisting of at least three teachers. In private schools, a state commissioner to take over the chairmanship of the test or attend the examination.

Often it is possible to use a special learning performance, for example, participation in a national competition or a skilled work to bring in the final grade with. In some states, it can replace the fourth or fifth examination subject.

Graduates numbers and rates

In 2012, completed 498 408 school leavers in Germany the school with the university of applied sciences or university entrance.

2007 acquired 432 500 (2006: 412 800 ) students in Germany the university or technical college ( 4.2 percent plus since 2006). Which reached 302 200 students to enter university ( = 69.9 percent), and although most ( 258,900 ) in general education schools. In Saxony, Thuringia and Berlin, a decline in the number of high school graduates was recorded.

2004/2005 earned only 244,000 graduates of general secondary schools to enter university or technical college ( higher education entrance qualification 24.1 percent; school diploma 1.3 percent; Realschulabschluss 41.6 percent, 24.8 percent secondary school, not finish 8.2 per cent ). To this end, the 155,000 graduates of vocational schools must ( 89.3 percent) are expected for university of or technical college.

The proportion of pupils who attained a general university admissions in Germany ( " leavers rate ' ), was 2005/2006, 43.1 percent, in international comparison, below the average. There are striking differences between the German states, as well as between town and country. The lowest value reached Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania with 32.2 percent, the highest North Rhine-Westphalia with 53.4 percent. Teacher association representatives criticize the pressure to increase the odds, the overloaded because international comparisons on parents and so on pupils.

In Germany the degree of the child correlates very strongly with his parents. In 2010, therefore, 60% of parents of high school students with high school, but only 8% of parents with secondary school.

53.3 percent ( 2007) of high school graduates are female.

The high school graduates rate in Germany is measured as the share of university entrance qualification to the 18 - to 20 -year-old, so the graduates from the general and vocational schools with and without a degree.

Historically, a slow increase in the number of high school graduates since the beginning of the 19th century recorded. For 1820 their number in Prussia is given as 590, for 1829 with 1409., The number of German students rose from 1815 to 1830 of about 5000 to about 16,000. Thereafter the number also went through the High School Regulations back again, before rising again in the 1850s. The graduates thus had permanently before 1900 less than one percent of the age cohort. In 1900 they fluctuated between one and two percent, in part because some girls to come. A majority of high school students made ​​no high school level.

The German enrollment rose rapidly from 1860 to 1914 of 11,901 to 60,235. As recently as the 1950s, the high school seniors rate in Germany was less than 5% of an age cohort. 1960 was the high school graduates rate in Germany was 6.1 % of the age cohort, followed by the visit of high schools was heavily promoted as part of the expansion of education and the graduates numbers to rise. In the early 1980s, was the graduates ratio in Germany but less than 22 % of the age cohort.

Differences in High School in the countries

Since the formation is located in Germany in the area of ​​competence of the countries, there are differences from country to country in high school. But for all the binding of the (KMK ) agreed " single audit requirements of the Baccalaureate " (EPA ), which are used nationwide for all subjects in the High School level.

From the different schemes give different average grades of the school leaving examinations in the country. Thus, the states of Thuringia (2.30) and Baden- Württemberg (2.33 ) a much better grade point average than the states of Berlin (2.71 ) or North Rhine -Westphalia (2.67 ). The lowest grade point average is obtained with 2.72 in Lower Saxony ( 2005).

These differences are put into perspective by the fact that the proportion of students varies greatly on the individual school types between countries. So on the other hand acquire in Lower Saxony and North Rhine -Westphalia more than a quarter of the students for university entrance, in Bavaria, only 19 percent.

In addition, the states of the individual notes in the calculation of the average mark weighted differently. In an article published by the daily newspaper case example, a student receives - with identical marks in all exams and tests - in the Hamburg High School average score of 1.9, in Thuringia, the mean rating of 2.3 and in Saxony -Anhalt, he does not receive a high school diploma.

High School Graduation Traditions

The high school is associated for decades with various customs, which vary regionally pronounced in part. Often about the surrender of the certificates made ​​in a festive graduation ceremony. More and more high school graduates take part in a common Abireise, similar to the American Spring Break. Outwardly the graduates to use a particular Abishirts that they have passed their high school diploma.

Abistreich

Graduates often hold a Abistreich, in northern Germany known as zero day celebration in which they are allowed to "conquer" the school for one school day and perform teacher-student games or other entertainment for the other students in consultation with the teaching staff. Since the eighties, many students of the high school - grades develop so-called " Abi- logos ", which are often based on self-created slogans with school terms. The documentation of these customs can also - in addition to a rear view of the ordinary school - be part of the high school newspaper. " Immortalize " At some schools, students with the design of a wall.

Pre-financing parties

In order to finance prom and other events associated with the acquisition or the Abizeitung, so-called pre-financing parties are organized in part.

Prom

On the occasion of the baccalaureate Abibälle also be organized, often find these on Saturday after the certificate award instead. In general, the graduates organize the ball and invite their parents and teachers.

Graduating class trip or Abireise

After the final examinations the graduates go partly together on holiday. The goal is often a convenient party metropolis. Due to the lucrative market, there are specialized travel agencies that advertise with numerous additional services and low prices.