Academic freedom

The Academic freedom and academic freedom is a term that covers a number of freedoms and the associated responsibility for higher education, their teachers, the university administration and the students. The term dates back to ancient times (see Plato's Academy ) and developed further in the Christian Middle Ages - see " Free Arts".

Today, the academic freedom in most states is enshrined in law, often in the Constitution ( eg German Basic Law Article 5, paragraph 3) and primarily includes the " freedom of research, teaching and study ":

• Freedom of research: The scientist is free in his research- question, in his methodical approach (if it does not violate other laws ) as well as in the evaluation and dissemination of its research results. The first two principles are often closely linked to questions of responsibility - see also scientific ethics.

• Freedom of teaching is thus an academic specialization of free speech.

• Within the course of study they can set priorities ( specialization ) at its own discretion.
• In the sign of the mass university, however, these freedoms are increasingly limited - in particular (too) detailed prescribed schedules, especially at state exam courses, contradict the basic idea of ​​" academic freedom ". On the other hand, the high school teachers feel increasingly responsible to offer a promising for labor market training.
• Students can develop their own scientific opinion and to express them. They contradict the doctrine, this is an opportunity to practice the art of argumentation.

To academic freedom still include other aspects, some of which follow from the 3 'fundamental freedoms', eg

• The autonomy of the " Universitas " ( community of faculty and - limited today - the students ) in the appointment of university professors; sometimes influenced by party political preferences
• Financial autonomy - albeit in the context of state- allocated budget and other revenue ( " External Funding" )
• The " spoiled for choice " at the start of the study - choice of field of study and study location (if no numerus clausus ), compilation of the schedule, choice of thesis etc.