Al-Shafi‘i

Muhammad ibn Idris ash- Shafi ʿ ī (Arabic محمد بن إدريس الشافعي, DMG Muḥammad ibn Idris aš - Safi ʿ ī, * 767 in Palestine; † 820 in Fustat ( Old Cairo ) ) was an important Islamic legal scholar, on which a separate law school ( madhhab ) is returned, which is called the Shafi ʿ itisch. Ash- Shafi ʿ ī is also regarded as the real founder of the Islamic legal theory.

Life

Ash- Shafi ʿ ī belonged to the Meccan tribe of Quraish and was a descendant of al - Mutallib, the brother of Hashim ibn ʿ Abd Manaf. After he had spent his youth in poverty in Mecca, he was first of the Hanafis in Iraq, then formed after a layover in Yemen from Maalik ibn Anas in Medina and Sayyida Nafisa. The offer Haaroon ar - Rashid to go as Kadi to Yemen, he declined, perhaps because of his sympathy for the 'Alid who can be identified, that he had participated in the rebellion of Yahya ibn ʿ Abd Hasaniden. From 810 he taught in Baghdad. To be 814 Shafi ʿ ī al- settled in Fustat, where he taught until his death in the year 820 in the ʿ Amr Mosque.

Works

Ash- Shafi ʿ ī is said to have written a total of over one hundred journals, of which 109 listed in Ibn al - Nadim. Especially important of them were:

• Risala ( " epistles "). Ash- Shafi ʿ ī himself called his book al - Kitāb. The title " missive " refers to the fact that al- Shafi ʿ ī was drafting this work in response to the request of the traditionalists ʿ Abd ar - Rahmaan ibn Mahdi (d. 813) and presently give him. ʿ Abd al- Rahmaan had asked him to draft a work that deals with legal statements of the Koran, the historical reports that refer to them, and the probative value of ijma ʿ and clarity about the abrogating and abrogrierten statements of the Qur'an and prophetic Sunnah creates. The book, which has been commented on more than once, as the first work to the usul al - fiqh, however, this expression occurs at any point of the work. According to al- Shafi ʿ Lowry īs Risala revolves mainly around the legal- hermeneutical concept of the Bayan ( " Explanation"). According to this concept, Islamic law is generally included in the Qur'an and Sunnah, with the individual legal rules arising on five kinds of species from these sources: (1) from the Koran alone; ( 2) composed of the Koran and Sunna, both amount to the same thing; ( 3) consists of the Qur'an and Sunnah, the Sunnah explains the Quran; ( 4) from the Sunnah alone; ( 5) from either of the two sources of law. In the latter case own Urteilsbemühung ( ijtihad ) is required.

• Kitaab al - Umm ( " Mother Book "). It is a collection of essays ash- Shafi ʿ īs, which was concerned only after his death by students and distributed under that title. The modern printing comprises seven volumes.

• Kitaab al - Hadit ihtilaf ( " book on the Contradictory in the Hadith "). The work has been printed on the edge of Kitaab al - Umm.

Aftereffect

Position in the Shafi ʿ ītischen law school

Although ash- Shafi ʿ ī had in his works strongly against the principle of taqlid, the transmission of the verdict to another, very, own madhhab formed after his death to his teachings center in Egypt. From there it spread in the 10th century in Iraq and Khorasan.

Several Shafi ʿ ites, including al - Bayhaqi (d. 1066), Fakhr ad -Din ar - Razi (d. 1209) and Ibn Hajar al - ʿ Asqalani (d. 1449 ), later wrote works on the " outstanding features " ( Manaqib ) ash - Shafi ʿ īs. The Shafi'i regarded the founder of their law school a defender of the Sunnah of the Prophet, as opposed to Imam Abu Hanifa, who was regarded them as champions of Ra ʾ y.

Fakhr ad -Din ar - Razi said in his book that the Muslim scholars, although treated ī al- Shafi ʿ before questions of Islamic legal theory, however, no universal principles had possessed, which they could follow in dealing with these issues. What ash- Shafi ʿ ī 've done ( ʿ ilm ʿ aš SAR ) regarding the " science of revelation," corresponds to what was done ( ʿ ilm al - ʿ aql ) Aristotle previously for the " mind science". Generally considered the schafiitischen scholar ash- Shafi ʿ ī as the founder of usul al - fiqh. Two Shafi'i authors of the 14th century, as- Subki (d. 1370 ) and al- Zarkaschī (d. 1392 ), delivered in their works long lists of Usul -al- fiqh books that they each with the Risala al- Shafi ʿ īs could begin.

The worship of al- Shafi ʿ īs grave

Ash- Shafi ʿ ī was also early in the reputation of being a saint. After an al - Maqrīzīs report appeared in 1081 Nizam al -Mulk, the vizier of Seldschukenreichs to be superimposed on to Baghdad with his Fatimid colleagues Badr al - Dschamali in epistolary negotiations to īs the remains of ash- Shafi ʿ because he so his Nizamiyya - school was taught in the ash- Shafi ʿ īs legal system, wanted to equip. But when it went to exhume Badr al - Dschamali with his people the body ash- Shafi ʿ īs, there were violent protests by the local population, but not of them were holding the vizier and his overlord, the Caliph al - Mustansir to hold on to the company. Al- Maqrizi reports that now but was thwarted by a wonderful exemplary intervention ash- Shafi ʿ īs the plan. Just at the moment when the builders set about removing the bricks of the tomb, entered namely a beguiling scent from his grave, which they had to pass out for an hour. When she woke up again, they should have refused to continue the business, and the grave has closed again.

In 1211 had al -Malik al - Kamil about the grave ash- Shafi ʿ īs build a mausoleum. The domed ( qubba ) lies far to the south-east of the Cairo district graves. The richly decorated wooden coffin has been studied previously in an annual pilgrimage ( mawlid, mausim ). In other tombs of the system the builder of the mosque and his family are buried.

Appreciation outside the Shafi ʿ ītischen law school

Even outside of his right school is estimated as a legal thinker al- Shafi ʿ ī. Thus, the view of al- Shafi ʿ ī as the founder of usul al - fiqh also common in other schools of law. Hanbali tried to show that al- Shafi ʿ ī agree with them was in denial of the Kalam. Ibn Qaiyim al - Dschauzīya (d. 1350) concluded this in part to the fact that in the enlarged Hamdala at the beginning of al- Shafi ʿ īs Risala God is described as "he who is as he described himself, and the stands, making him, people have described ". Ibn al - ʿ Imad (d. 1679 ) narrated from him saying: "There is nothing more to me is odious as the Kalam and his followers " ( mā Sai ʾ un abġaḍu ilaiya min al - Kalam wa - ahli - hī ).