André-Marie Ampère

André- Marie Ampère ( born January 20, 1775 in Lyon, France, † June 10, 1836 in Marseille) was a French physicist and mathematician. According to him, the international unit of current ampere is named.

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Life

1775-1820

Ampère was the son of Jean -Jacques Ampère and his wife Jeanne- Antoinette de Sarcey. He fell early on as inquisitive boy, and by his good memory. He read as a teenager, the 35 volumes of the Encyclopedia of Denis Diderot and Jean d' Alembert and learned Greek, Latin and Italian. His father was executed in 1793 after the fall of Lyon ( during the French Revolution). The age of eighteen, he dealt with the textbooks of the Swiss Leonhard Euler and the classical mechanics of Joseph -Louis Lagrange. In the same age, he developed a plan language, which he regarded as a peace -promoting tool. He also turned to botany, metaphysics and psychology, before he studied mathematics and physics.

In 1796, he met Julie Carron, whom he married in 1799. From 1799 to 1801 he worked at the Ecole Centrale in Lyon as a mathematics teacher. 1800 was their son Jean -Jacques Ampère, who became a well-known historian, philologist and writer, born. 1802 amperes wrote a mathematical work on game theory. Soon after, he wrote a paper on theoretical mechanics and a treatise on partial differential equations, which earned him membership in the French Academy of Sciences.

In 1803 died after four years of marriage, his wife. In August 1806 he married Jeanne -Françoise Potot ( 1778-1866 ). From this marriage the daughter Albina dates ( 1807-1842 ). The marriage was soon divorced. He now had their own with the two children from the two marriages.

In 1804, Ampère settled in Paris. His interest in mathematics waned, and he dealt increasingly with the writings of Kant and the chemistry. Ampère was a professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France. In 1808 he became inspector general of the University and also taught philosophy at the Faculty of Historical and Philosophical. With respect to Kant, he represented a hypothetical- deductive method of scientific knowledge acquisition: The naturalist is a hypothesis and wonders what experiments need to be undertaken to support or falsify the theory. Amperes put a chemical affinity of molecules, which consist of dot-shaped atoms, derived from the geometry of geometric solids (e.g., tetrahedrons, octahedrons, or cubes). Ampère's work on the chemistry found but other scholars of his time little interest.

1820-1836

In early fall 1820, Ampère, who was now already 44 years old and whose previous academic work would have seemed no more than footnotes in textbooks, carefully François Arago to the attempts Hans Christian Ørsted to deflect a magnetic needle by the electric current. Ampère repeated the experiment and found that Ørstedt had the distraction of the magnet ignored by the Earth's magnetic field. With an improved experimental set- amps could now find that the magnetic needle always placed perpendicular to the current-carrying conductor. Ampère now took on as a model hypothesis that each have its cause in magnetism electric currents and magnetic fields generate currents. He checked his hypothesis - hypothetico- deductive - between 18 September and 2 November 1820 and was able to demonstrate in successive experiments that two current-carrying conductor, an attractive force exert on each other when in both conductors, the electric current direction is the same, and that they exert a repulsive force to each other when the current direction is opposite. Ampère constructed a device for measuring the current, which he called galvanometer. Ampère refined his hypothesis by assuming that each magnet contains many molecules, each producing a small circle power. He realized that the electricity flowing is the actual cause of magnetism.

In 1822 Ampère dealt with the force between two closely spaced current-carrying conductors. He showed that this force is proportional to the reciprocal value of the distance. In the mathematical treatment of these phenomena, he took the law of gravity ( as a point- power - law ) by Isaac Newton as a model. However, since the current must be treated as a directed quantity and the amperage includes time as a new size, the Ampère model has only a limited validity.

Ampère explained the concept of electric voltage and electric current and fixed the current direction.

In addition to the grounds of the electrodynamics amperes invented the principle of the electric telegraph, first used by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber in Göttingen.

Ampère was believed that the Earth's magnetic field is caused by strong electric currents flowing in the earth's crust from east to west.

In 1827 amperes health deteriorated, and he gave his active scientific research. In his later years he worked on the philosophy of nature and the pre-established harmony of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Since man's thought a picture of thinking God is God and the universe had created, according to Leibniz, should be man's mind able to understand the universe in pure acts of thought: Being and laws of thought should therefore correspond to each other. Unity of science should be the reflection of the divine spirit. 1836 amperes died in Marseilles at the age of 61 years of pneumonia. He is buried in Paris in the Cimetière de Montmartre.

Honors

In honor of Ampère's the SI unit of electric current " amps " ( unit symbol A) has been named. He was honored by naming names on the Eiffel Tower. According to him, since 1935, a lunar mountain, Mons Ampère, named.