Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of the determination and application of human body measurements. Anthropometry is used mainly in ergonomics for the design of workplaces, vehicles, tools, furniture, and LAYOUT of protective covers or intervals used for potentially hazardous parts in OSH for establishing safety measures for example. Wirtschaftsgeschichtler use the body size data as a supposed indicator of the standard of living. In earlier times anthropometry tried allegedly to demonstrate existing relationships between physical features and character traits.

Standardize

Standards have the problem that people differ significantly from each other in their body measurements. Usually, therefore, consider standards only a limited range of the population. The results of anthropometry are usually not used directly but stored in data tables or standards in order to serve there, for example, the classification of movements. There, the data collected with the anthropometry for implementation by other departments are ready. In the tables, not only the mean values ​​, but also the fifth and ninety-fifth percentile are given as statistical extreme values ​​for technological design.

In the body size the notes mean:

  • 5th percentile: 5 % smaller
  • 50th percentile: 50 % smaller or larger ( median)
  • 95th percentile: only 5% are larger

The example shown is from the NASA standard 3000T, but is used in a similar form in other standards. In Germany these are the following standards:

  • EN ISO 7250 Basic human body measurements for technological design
  • DIN 33402 Human body measurements Part 1 terms
  • Part 2 values

In applying this standard works is to be noted that the respective values ​​have only limited validity for practical use. On one hand, any person ( engruppe ) will have regard to their age composition, ethnicity and the respective living conditions for subject group differences to the standard measurement. These aspects as well as the acceleration of body measurements always require deviations from the standardized dimensions and require from time to time, new statistical data collection of the body measurements of a population.

Body types

Throughout the cultural history of mankind through also performing artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer and Le Corbusier have dealt with anthropometry. One of the research objectives of this artist was to determine the natural or divine law in the proportion conditions of the human body. Only in the last decades led anthropological research, especially by Holle Greil to the confirmation that many body measurements of people have no fixed ratio sizes to each other but there are different body types. To assign especially the body height, the proportion ratio between the upper body and leg length, body circumference measurements and the head size to any definite relationship. Everyday experiences that both small and large people can be either slim or stout, illustrate this. People every body height can in your respective proportions between the occurrence of a giant seat, so with a longer torso and shorter legs, and the seat of a dwarf, with a shorter torso and longer legs, lie. This pronounced variation spectrum of the human physique in several dimensions is still very little attention, for example in the clothing industry.

Body movement

Coming from the applied anthropometry, there are several ways to classify movements and divide. Samples of body movement from the region of the motor:

  • Flexion ( bend )
  • Extension ( stretch, stretch )
  • Abduction ( of the body center continued )
  • Adduction ( to the body towards the center )
  • Rotation ( rotating the body axis )
  • Circumdation ( circular or semi-circular motion)

Body axes

Effected body movements or postures command or are fixed to the body axes, from which also mixed axes may arise:

  • Longitudinal axis ( longitudinal axis of the body or a limb ) - also named in accordance with the general technical nomenclature "y - axis"
  • Transverse axis ( transverse axis of the body or a limb ) - " x - axis"
  • Sagittal axis ( frontal and "arrow " axis of the body or a limb ) - " z- axis"

Models

Often used models:

  • ANTHROPOS ErgoMAX
  • DELMIA
  • IDO: Ergonomics - " Ergonomic Interactive simulation system"
  • JACK - Tecnomatix Human Performance
  • Manikin
  • RAMSIS and
  • SAFE WORK
Human factors and ergonomics Economic indicator Ethnic group Alphonse Bertillon Biometrics
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