Araucanization of Patagonia
As Araukanisierung (Spanish araucanización ) is called the advance of the culture of the Araucanians or Mapuches, a South American indigenous people, and their language, Mapudungun, on the territory of modern Argentina and Chile. Between the 16th and 19th century, the Araukanisierung spread to almost the entire southern South America ( approximately south of a line between Buenos Aires and Mendoza, as well as south of the Río Bío -Bío ) until the Mapuche end of the 19th century by the armed forces of Argentina and Chile defeated, subject and were systematically exterminated in some cases.
Development
The Mapuche are probably - if this is disputed by some historians - to Andean nations. Your first detectable settlement area was the central Chile, just south of the present-day Concepción region. In the 16th century, the culture began to spread to the south, where the ethnic group of the fuégidos was ( Yámana ). Until the beginning of the 18th century, the Mapuche had spread to the height of the island of Chiloé, including mountain regions, which now belong to Argentina.
From the beginning of the 18th century, the Mapuche language, Mapudungun which began to spread eastward. Thus began the era of the actual Araukanisierung. This is justified by historians to the fact that this language is very detailed and expressive, and therefore a high prestige enjoyed in the communities of Patagonia, which then took over gradually, even this language. The phenomenon intensified the end of the 18th century, as among many of the hunter-gatherer groups of Patagonia broke numerous diseases that broke the resistance against the Araukanisierung.
The araukanisierten ethnic groups mainly include the tehuelche, which was then in several sub peoples (northern, central and southern tehuelche ) inhabited today Argentinean Patagonia. The northern tehuelche groups araukanisierten almost completely, just to the south of their settlement area ( present-day province of Santa Cruz ), they retained their original language into submission by the Argentine armed forces in the event. Furthermore, the Ranqueles (La Pampa, San Luis ) to name, which were also almost completely araukanisiert. In the case of Het or Querandíes, the nomadic peoples of Pampa, the case is even more complex: They took first the language and culture of tehuelche, and only after the Araukanisierung this people the Mapudungun and the Araucanian culture.
Negative criticism of the concept
Although the acquisition of numerous cultural elements of the Mapuche peoples through the pampas applies historically backed by some authors, the concept of Araukanisierung is regarded as slogan-like simplicity. According to Diana Lenton and Axel Lazzari (1998) have the concept in the Argentina of the 19th century attained great political importance, since thereby the indigenous peoples of Pampa could be characterized as coming from Chile " strangers " rather than integrate them into the Argentine nation. This discourse was used to justify the wars of extermination against them. It was not only come to accept araukanischer cultural elements through the pampas peoples, but the Mapuche would conversely also adopted elements of the Pampa peoples.