Atriplex

Rose signaling ( Atriplex rosea)

The Report ( Atriplex ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). With about 300 species, this is the most species-rich genus of the family.

The name registration ( OHG melda, MHG register ) is derived from the " floured " appearance of the hairy plants.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The Report are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, more rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Often the plants are hairy with bubble hair, which coincide and the surface floured or soaking silvery, rarely occur also extended hairs ( trichomes ). The sitting or stalked leaves are usually alternate, rarely arranged against constantly on the stem. You are dropped or outlast often late. Their flat, often somewhat fleshy leaf blade is serrated, lobed or rarely entire. The leaf shape is highly variable.

Inflorescence and flower

The inflorescences are spikes or panicles eared. The unisexual flowers are in tangles in the axil of bracts. Some species are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ), others are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). The male flowers (without bracts ) each contain three to five oblong- ovate bracts ( tepals ) and three to five stamens, whose filaments are connected at the bottom. Occasionally a rudimentary ovary is present. The female flowers are surrounded by two sheet-like Page Down with free edges or partially connected. Their shape is very variable and often they bear appendages. The female flowers usually bloom absent in a few species are (rarely one ) three to five tepals exist. The egg-shaped or spherical ovary bears two pfriemliche or filamentary scars.

Fruit and seeds

At the time, the fruit bracts slightly increase and can be sponge-like in some species thicken, develop attachments or. The fruit is enclosed by the continue reading without intergrown with them. The pericarp is the seed of proof. The flattened seed is mostly vertical ( with the exception of section Atriplex ). The thick seed coat is leathery or hard. The annular embryo surrounds the endosperm, its roots may go up, down or sideways show. Some annual species develop multiple seed types ( Heterospermie ).

Chromosome number

The chromosome base number is x = 9 in Atriplex The only exception Atriplex has lanfrancoi a chromosome base number of x = 10

Photosynthesis and leaf anatomy

Some viewed as originally Sign species are C3 plants with normal leaf anatomy. However, most types are C4 plants. They have the typical " atriplicoid " said sheet anatomy with a number of bundle sheath cells around each vascular bundles and radially arranged palisade cells ( Kranz anatomy). In the variant " Atriplex halimus type " is below the outermost cell layer, a hypodermis present, the " Atriplex dimorphostegia type " lacks a hypodermis.

Ecology

The Report are food plants for the caterpillars of many butterflies ( Lepidoptera). The monophagous species that feed only on Atriplex species include, for example Miniersackträger Coleophora crassicornella, C. moeniacella, C. plurifoliella, C. and C. serinipennella vestianella. The Meldenflureule ( Discestra trifolii ), Goosefoot Pug and the dock clamps use the Report as food. In the HOSTS database 125 entries are listed butterfly species on Atriplex.

Dissemination and evolution

The Report are distributed almost throughout the world, from sub-tropical through temperate to subarctic regions. The largest number of species can be achieved in Australia, North America, South America and Eurasia. Many species are halophytes and adapted to dry habitats with saline soils.

According to phylogenetic studies of Kadereit et al. (2010) the genus Atriplex in the middle Miocene has emerged. The C4 photosynthetic pathway evolved before at least 14.1 to 10.9 million years ago. Since the Miocene, the climate became increasingly drier, were the C4 - plants with their economic water consumption advantage. The C4 lineages unfolded to numerous clans and spread around the world on the different continents.

Australia has been reached twice in the late Miocene: the first time from Eurasia or America from before about 9.8 to 7.8 million years ago. The second immigration took place from Central Asia before about 6.3 to 4.8 million years ago, evolved from this ancestor in the Pliocene most Australian Atriplex species. Together with the short snout Goliah kangaroo Procoptodon for which Atriplex was the staple diet, which was issued in the resulting dry areas of Australia.

In America, the genus appeared in about 9.8 to 8.8 million years ago. The settlement is likely to occur from Eurasia, so that first North America and South America from there also has been reached.

In Germany come to Uotila (2011), the following 18 species from:

  • Divers reporting ( Atriplex aucheri ): it was found to be Adventivpflanze in Germany.
  • Pfeilblättrige reporting ( Atriplex calotheca ):
  • Kahle reporting ( Atriplex glabriuscula )
  • Orache ( Atriplex hortensis )
  • Atriplex intracontinentalis: This native species was described in 2007 and has not yet established German name.
  • Lobed reporting ( Atriplex laciniata )
  • Beach - reporting ( Atriplex littoralis )
  • Stem - reporting ( Atriplex longipes )
  • Verschiedensamige reporting ( Atriplex micrantha )
  • Langblättrige reporting ( Atriplex oblongifolia )
  • Orache ( Atriplex patula )
  • Early registration ( Atriplex praecox )
  • Spit - reporting ( Atriplex prostrata )
  • Rose signaling ( Atriplex rosea)
  • Gloss reporting ( Atriplex sagittata )
  • Atriplex sibirica: It occurs occasionally as Adventivpflanze in Germany.
  • Atriplex sphaeromorpha: She was found as Adventivpflanze in Brandenburg.
  • Tatars reporting ( Atriplex tatarica )

System

The genus Atriplex belongs to the tribe Atripliceae in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). In this family, the Goosefoot family ( Chenopodiaceae ) are now included.

The first description of the genus Atriplex was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum 2, S.1052 - 1054. As type species ( lectotype ) Atriplex hortensis L. was later selected.

Atriplex L. contains the previous genera Blackiella Aellen Cremnophyton Brullo & Pavone, Haloxanthium Ulbr. , Morrisiella Aellen Neopreissia Ulbr. , Obione Gaertner, Pachypharynx Aellen Senniella Aellen and Theleophyton ( Hook. f ) Moq .. Not more to the Report be made in the meantime the wedge Report ( Halimione ) that are recognized as a distinct genus.

The genus Atriplex is particularly rich in species and comprises about 300 species. These can be several kinship groups ( clades ) summarized that match only partially with the existing sections:

  • Atriplex lanfrancoi / cana - clade: These two species are probably relics of an early line of development: Atriplex lanfrancoi ( Brullo & Pavone ) G. Kadereit et Sukhor. ( Syn: Cremnophyton lanfrancoi Brullo & Pavone ) is a shrub that grows on limestone cliffs in Malta and Gozo.
  • Atriplex cana C. A. Mey. is a shrub that occurs from the eastern part of European Russia to western China. He settled loamy- salty soil in semi-deserts.
  • Divers reporting ( Atriplex aucheri Moq. ): It is used in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. In Germany, it occasionally occurs as introduced Adventivpflanze.
  • Garden signaling ( Atriplex hortensis L.): it originates from Asia and is cultivated in Europe as a vegetable and ornamental plant, where it is often neglected. Also in Germany it occurs.
  • Langblättrige notification or long- leaf reporting ( Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst & Kit. . ): It is distributed in Eurasia and at home in Germany.
  • Gloss reporting ( Atriplex sagittata Borkh, Syn. Atriplex nitens Schkuhr ): It is native to Eurasia and spread in Germany.
  • Atriplex australasica Moq.
  • Pfeilblättrige reporting ( Atriplex calotheca ( Rafn ) Fr ); It is common in Northern Europe and at home in Germany.
  • Atriplex crassifolia Ledeb. , From Asia
  • Atriplex davisii Aellen: It comes from South Eastern Europe prior to Egypt.
  • Kahle reporting ( Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston ): It is distributed in central and northern Europe and at home in Germany.
  • Atriplex gmelinii C. A. Mey. ex bong., Asia and North America
  • Atriplex intracontinentalis Sukhor. It comes from Central Europe to Asia and is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex C. A. laevis Mey. Dates from Asia, introduced it also happens in Eastern Europe.
  • Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb. , From Eurasia
  • Beach - reporting ( Atriplex littoralis L.): It is distributed in Eurasia and North Africa and at home in Germany.
  • Stem - reporting ( Atriplex longipes Drejer ): This northern European species is native in Germany.
  • Verschiedensamige reporting ( Atriplex micrantha CA Mey. ): A native of Asia species is introduced and wild before in many parts of Europe and has spread to Germany lately especially on roadsides.
  • Atriplex nudicaulis Boguslaw, from Eurasia
  • Orache or rod - reporting, reporting Spreizästige ( Atriplex patula L.): It is widespread native to Eurasia and North Africa and in Germany.
  • Early registration ( Atriplex praecox Hülph. ): The northern European species is native in Germany and there is rarely on the Mecklenburg coast
  • Spit - reporting or reporting Spießblättrige ( Atriplex prostrata Moq. ): She is also widespread native to Eurasia and North Africa and in Germany.
  • Atriplex acanthocarpa ( Torr. ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex acutibractea Anderson, from Australia
  • Atriplex altaica Sukhor. , From Asia
  • Atriplex angulata Benth., From Australia
  • Atriplex billardierei ( Moq. ) Hook. f, from Australia
  • Atriplex canescens ( Pursh ) Nutt., From North America
  • Atriplex centralasiatica Ilyin, Asia
  • Atriplex cinerea Poir. , From Australia
  • Atriplex codonocarpa P.G. Wilson, from Australia
  • Atriplex confertifolia ( Torr. & Frem. ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex cordobensis Gand. & Stucco. , From South America
  • Atriplex deserticola Phil, from South America
  • Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar & Church. They found in northern Africa.
  • Atriplex eardleyae Aellen, from Australia
  • Atriplex flabellum Bunge ex Boiss., From Eurasia
  • Atriplex gardneri ( Moq. ) D. Dietr., From North America
  • Atriplex glauca L.: It is distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.
  • Shrub - reporting ( Atriplex halimus L.): It is distributed in southern Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia.
  • Atriplex herzogii Standlschmaus. , From North America
  • Atriplex hymenelytra ( Torr. ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex hymenotheca Moq. , From Australia
  • Atriplex imbricata ( Moq. ) D. Dietr., From South America
  • Atriplex inamoena Aellen from Eurasia
  • Atriplex intermedia Anderson, from Australia
  • Atriplex isatidea Moq. , From Australia
  • Lobed reporting ( Atriplex laciniata L. ): The western and northern European species is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex lampa ( Moq. ) Gillies ex Small, from South America
  • Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge, from Eurasia
  • Atriplex lentiformis ( Torr. ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex leucoclada Boiss., From Eurasia
  • Atriplex leucophylla ( Moq. ) D. Dietr., From North America
  • Atriplex lindleyi Moq. , From Australia
  • Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss., From Eurasia
  • Atriplex muelleri Benth., From Australia
  • Atriplex nessorhina S.W.L. Jacobs, from Australia
  • Atriplex nummularia Lindl., From Australia
  • Atriplex obovata Moq. , From North America
  • Atriplex pamirica Ilyin, from Eurasia
  • Atriplex parishii S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex parryi S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex parvifolia Kunth, from South America
  • Atriplex patagonica ( Moq. ) D. Dietr., From South America
  • Atriplex phyllostegia ( Torr. ex S. Watson ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex polycarpa ( Torr. ) S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex powellii S. Watson, from North America
  • Atriplex pseudocampanulata Aellen, from Australia
  • Atriplex recurva d' Urv. , From Eurasia, an Aegean Sea endemic
  • Rose signaling ( Atriplex rosea L.): It occurs in Eurasia and North Africa and is indigenous to Germany
  • Atriplex rusbyi Britton ex Rusby, from South America
  • Atriplex schug anica Ilyin, from Asia
  • Atriplex semibaccata R. Br, from Australia
  • Atriplex semilunaris Aellen, from Australia
  • Atriplex serenana A. Nelson ex Abrams, from North America
  • Atriplex sibirica L.. Dates from Asia and comes as Adventivpflanze occasionally in Germany.
  • Atriplex sphaeromorpha Ilyin: It is native to Russia, Ukraine and the Caucasus region, and is found as Adventivpflanze in Germany.
  • Atriplex spinibractea Anderson, from Australia
  • Atriplex stipitata Benth., From Australia
  • Atriplex sturtii S.W.L. Jacobs, from Australia
  • Atriplex suberecta I. Verd. , From Australia
  • Tatars reporting ( Atriplex tatarica Aellen ): It occurs in Europe, North Africa and Asia and is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex turbinata ( Anderson) Aellen, from Australia
  • Atriplex undulata ( Moq. ) D. Dietr., From South America
  • Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth., From Australia
  • Atriplex alaskensis S. Watson
  • Atriplex Amnicola Paul G. Wilson, from Australia, introduced in California
  • Atriplex coronata S. Watson, from California
  • Atriplex heterosexual cum Bunge, from Eastern Europe
  • Atriplex nuttallii S. Watson, from North America

Use and economic importance

Numerous species of genus are edible. The garden reporting has long been used as a vegetable. The shrub Atriplex canescens and reporting, Atriplex Atriplex nutallii confertifolia and are used as food plants suitable.

Many species are important forage plants. Thus, some species, such as Atriplex canescens, imported from Australia and America to Southwest Asia to be grazed there.

Some species of genus are popular medicine used as medicinal plants, such as the garden and Atriplex argentea reporting.

Also known as ornamental plants are sometimes planted Report, especially the red-leaved forms of garden reporting serve as a leaf jewelry.

Due to the very high seed production rate some message types are a problem in agriculture become the " weeds ," such as Atriplex spongiosa.

Swell

  • Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias & Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae ( Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae ): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 97 ( 10), 2010, pp. 1664-1687. PDF file. (Sections photosynthetic, dissemination and evolution, systematics)
  • Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex, pp. 226, 260, 268, 293 - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1, Oxford University Press, New York et al 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9. ( Description section )
  • Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex, pp. 360 - text the same online as printed work, in: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 5: . Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27- X. ( Description section )
  • P. Uotila, 2011: Chenopodiaceae (per parte majore ). - In: Euro Med Plant Base - the information resource for Euro - Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex Atriplex L. in PESI portal ( dissemination of European species occurrence in Germany )
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