Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)

As Petersberg Process (also Bonn process, english Bonn Process, called ) the implementation of agreed Petersberg Agreement on 5 December 2001 steps to develop an orderly and democracy in Afghanistan is called.

The Taliban regime had previously established an Islamic fundamentalist order in the years in the country and international terrorism gives a domicile. Through the use of U.S. forces at the head of an international coalition, the regime was overthrown by the events of 11 September 2001. This was followed by the war in Afghanistan since 2001.

The first Petersberg Conference on Afghanistan

Basis of the first Petersberg Conference on Afghanistan was a five -point plan for political transition in Afghanistan, the Special Representative of the United Nations for Afghanistan, Lakhdar Brahimi, on 13 November 2001 presented to the UN Security Council, and this, on 14 November by Resolution 1378 confirmed:

The conference was originally scheduled on 24 November 2001 in Berlin, but was postponed for safety reasons at the Petersberg near Bonn. It began on 27 November 2001, the final protocol was signed on 5 December 2001.

Conference participants

At the conference, the following four groups were represented:

• The Northern Alliance turned eleven delegates, their chief negotiator was the Tajik Yunus Kanuni. The alliance was since the fall of the Taliban by the US-led international coalition whose ground troops they turned de facto, de facto rulers in Afghanistan, in the distribution of positions of power she remembered, therefore, a key role. She took to represent in Afghanistan claim for themselves, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.
• The Pashtun- dominated Rome group was constituted mainly of Afghan exiles around the former Afghan king Mohammed Zahir, whose residence in exile of the name Rome group refers. They also presented eleven delegates. Although they considered to be pro-Western Rome group in Afghanistan took merely a spectator in exile in the redistribution of power, it was next to the Northern Alliance as the heaviest fraction of the Conference.
• The represented by five delegates Peshawar group was a broad alliance of mostly traditional Pashtuns and supported by means of inclusion of moderate Taliban in a new government. The Pakistan -backed group led by Sayed Hamed Gailani.
• The also represented by five delegates Cyprus group played at the conference only a marginal role. She was like the Rome group dominated by exiled politicians, dominant were Hazara with links to Iran. Your name was derived as in the Peshawar group from the first venue. The delegation leader Humayun Jarir is the son of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

Were not present at the conference of the president of the Northern Alliance Burhanuddin Rabbani, the mighty in their spheres of influence warlords Abdul Rashid Dostum and Ismail Khan as well as official representatives of the Taliban.

Content of the Bonn Agreement

The conference participants agreed in their final document on a phased plan and thus followed in the Broad to the United Nations five-point plan:

• Transfer of power to an interim administration on 22 December 2001
• Temporary stationing of a UN mandate assumed international force to ensure the safety of the interim administration
• Constitution of an Emergency Loya Jirga, which will decide on a Transitional Authority, no later than six months after the establishment of the Interim Authority, which shall then cease
• Constitution of a Constitutional Loya Jirga later than 18 months after the convening of the Emergency Loya Jirga
• To select Democratic elections no later than two years after the convening of the Emergency Loya Jirga, a fully representative government

The Office of the Chairman of the Interim Administration went to the Pashtun Hamid Karzai. The -perceived by many observers as favorite current president Rabbani did not participate in the new government. The Northern Alliance was able to gain key positions in the cabinet for itself: foreign minister Abdullah Abdullah, the Interior Ministry took over delegation leader Yunus Ghanuni, the new Defense Minister Mohammed Fahim was a political mentor son Ahmad Shah Massoud. In addition to the Northern Alliance, the Cabinet was mainly composed of representatives of the Rome group. The progress of the democratization process should be assessed on further conferences on Afghanistan.

Implementation of the Bonn Agreement

As a result of the Agreement issued by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 1386, the mandate of an International Security Assistance Force for Afghanistan (International Security Assistance Force, ISAF), thus continuing the determination of the Bonn Agreement in order.

The international community wanted to secure a peaceful development in addition to the deployment of military forces in Afghanistan by other assistance. At 21-22. January 2002 was held in Tokyo a donor conference for Afghanistan, who promised total reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan amounting to 4.5 billion U.S. dollars.

On 12 June 2002 an extraordinary nationwide Loya Jirga was convened, attended by about 1,500 delegates. It sat until 19 June 2002 and appointed a transitional administration included a transitional government, as before Hamid Karzai presided as interim president. The transitional administration replaced the previous interim administration.

Again, on the Petersberg near Bonn, a second conference on Afghanistan was held on 2 December 2002, was advised on the further on the reconstruction of the country. There specifications regarding the structure and size of the Afghan army to be created were made.

End of 2003, convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga, which ratified the new Afghan constitution in January 2004. Afghanistan is an Islamic republic with a centralized presidential system and a bicameral parliament. The took place on 9 October 2004 presidential election, Karzai confirmed as now democratically elected president. He could unite 55.4 % of the votes cast, followed by Yunus Kanuni with 16.3%, 11.6% and Mohiqiq Mohammed Abdul Rashid Dostum with 10% voting share. The other candidates remained below the 10 % mark.

The end of the foreseen in the Bonn Agreement democratization process highlighted the parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005, from which the first freely elected Afghan parliament was constituted since 1973. These elections should take place according to the schedule of the Bonn Agreement no later than June 2004 but had to be postponed several times due to delays in voter registration.

At the International Conference on Afghanistan in London, the successful completion of the Petersberg Process was established in 2006 then. With the adoption of the Afghanistan Compact, a framework for the next stage of international cooperation was created. He concentrates in the core to support the assumption of personal responsibility in the country by the Afghan government now democratically legitimized.

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• Http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_11222-1522-1-30.pdf?080708114552