Breeding back

Under an image is defined as a breeding animal breed that, mostly as a result of crosses for originally had been found to domestic animal species, the goal is to come as close as possible to the wild form of each pet. Image breeds extinct wild forms can not replace or restore, but only imitate. Consequently, the term " breed back " often used is inaccurate.

The authenticity of an image breeding depends on the quality of implementation. Some breeds, such as the Heck cattle, some authors only give a vague or false picture of the ancestral form. Do not confuse the image with the Dedomestikation breeding and backcrossing.

• 4.1 Quagga
• 4.2 Canis dirus

Focus

While in nature usually survive the animals and reproduce, which are well adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions, the person in the course of domestication selects often targeted particularly affable, particularly flashy or particularly profitable animals for breeding. Thus, the selection conditions are different in nature and in the care of the people, why change animals through domestication in terms of appearance, behavior and genetics. The aim of the image breeding is to breed a race that comes close or similar to the extinct ancestral form of a pet in selected aspects. Most Care is taken only on phenotypic characteristics, but individual projects, such as the Taurus Project, also note the genetic aspect. For an image of the variety must be individual original features that are still found in different races of this pet, to be put back together in the way as they are suspected in the extinct ancestral species. The prerequisite is that these sought individual properties are still available at various domesticated breeds or individual animals. Animals with such characteristics are then selected and targeted crossed to combine these properties back into one of the ancestral species similar manner.

As possibly not all alleles of the parental forms in the modern domesticated descendants are present, or the people due to the problem that the appearance of extinct ancestral forms are known only through historical descriptions or representations, as well as skeletal remains often, perhaps not all phenotypic aspects of the wild animal to man can be known with certainty, it is always questionable whether an image appear which breeding animal can actually meet, even on close as possible implementation of its common form in all phenotypic aspects. In order to cover genetic aspects sufficiently, should both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome of the extinct wild forms be decrypted. Since many primitive breeds of domestic animals show behavioral aspects which are probably inherited from their ancestors exterminated, and are able to survive under natural conditions, it is likely that targeted replacement breeding in the wild similar function as their original forms. For man has changed through domestication mainly external physical characteristics, but not internal mechanisms, such as the digestive system. Therefore, the choice of food would in wild form and shape of a house, especially dedomestizierter house shape, be the same. In addition, Natural selection in the wild for a possible reintroduction of the resulting image by breeding animals and giving priority to important for the survival characteristics introduce this in terms of robustness and behavior as well as any phenotypic characteristics to the wild type. For large herbivores this a sufficient array of relevant predators is needed, which often however is not present in today's Europe. It must be remembered that image while breeding in one of the ancestral form probably can result very similar animal in many aspects, but the original gene pool of this went nevertheless lost their extinction and will not be restored.

A distinction is related between one image breeding by pet owners and those ancestral form of the aim in breeding and reproduction breeding with an extinct animal, non-domestic animals since you are working in the first method with the modified descendants of the desired animal in the latter method, but with a, albeit similar,, entirely different species or subspecies. Again, the the targeted animal most similar surviving animals are selected and crossed to get through targeted selection of an extinct animal shape optical animal, such as the quagga. Since the quagga a separate population of plains zebra, Equus quagga was, it is likely that the specific alleles that form disappeared with their extermination, since not a domesticated form has conserved the genes of the parent form. Any similarities, which can be achieved by selective breeding today Burchell's zebra, will therefore be purely superficial.

Purpose

Authentic likeness breeds are especially interesting for restoration and conservation, as they can act as a substitute for the extinct from human stem-forms. It is likely that a successful image breeding meets the environmental criteria of the wild type when about aspects such as food choice, robustness, defense against predators or hunting instinct etc. which the wild-type meet large extent. The reintroduction of the animals, which are similar to act as the parent form, so is the re- introduction of an environmental component, which went through the influence of man, about habitat destruction and hunting, once lost. It enables a more natural interaction between the plant and animal species in an ecosystem. It should be noted that an image is not automatically the breeding of the parent form most similar has to be existent race, as this depends on the quality of the implementation of the test matings and the originality of other races. An example of this is the Heck cattle, which divides due to the insufficient for efficiently implementing the breeding experiments, found the Heck brothers, some less phenotypic properties with the original than about the Spanish fighting cattle.

Breeding with domesticated descendants

Aurochs

The aurochs died out as a result of long centuries of habitat fragmentation and hunting in 1627. In the modern conservation, the role of large herbivores in ecosystems is recognized as essential (see Megaherbivorenhypothese ), which is why the need for a suitable replacement for this wild animal is given. Although the idea of such an experiment has already been formulated in 1835 (see main article), it was the first time implemented by the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck tentatively. The resulting Heck cattle is, according to scientific literature is essentially a robust beef with the usual physique of a domestic cow, but in color due to the use of the Corsican cattle characteristics of the aurochs, and due to the use of Steppe cattle and Highland Cattle longer horns ( see Article Heck cattle ).

Since the Heck cattle phenotypically in many points for too little the aurochs accordingly and very Central European domestic cattle being is found, want different groups of image varieties, which are also robust enough for the living in the wild, but come the aurochs at the same time much closer. One of these approaches are, inter alia, the Association of Biological Environmental Protection and the NABU, which original or old cattle breeds such as sayaguesa, Spanish fighting cattle and Chianina cross with rear cattle and create through selective breeding a better optically equal to the aurochs forming cow wants. This further breeding is called Taurus cattle. Another project, Project Tauros omitted entirely Heck cattle and works exclusively with primitive races, who were elected by narrower phenotypic robustness and relevant criteria. Among other things, also sayaguesa, but also Pajuna, maremmana primitivo, Limia cattle or Maronesa used. Also the Scottish Highland Cattle found in northern Tauros herds use due to its robustness.

Tarpan

The Polish Konik horse is, contrary to popular conception not the result of a return breeding project, but a Polish breed of horse country. The Heck brothers crossed this Koniks with other breeds, such as Gotland ponies or horses Iceland and Przewalski's horses. This rear horses, often called " Tarpan image breeding ", were later crossed repeatedly with the Konik and, of these today often visually almost indistinguishable, but it is built rangy.

In addition to the Konik / Rear Horse Exmoor Pony closeness is also attested to the European wild horse. Also this has an original, short stature and a robust skull structure, and displays color- marked similarity with cave paintings of Lascaux and about Przewalski's horses. For example, a white muzzle and the white circles, as well as a lighter body bottom are available. The Exmoor Pony but also not born as image breeding, but is originally a retarded horse race.

Wolf

Although the wolf, the root form of the dog house, by no means extinct, but its phenotypic appearance is breeding goal of many dog breeds. An example of this is the Tamaskan, which emerged from the intersection of German Shepherd dogs and sled dogs, the one selected by Wolf features. The Tamaskan is therefore also be understood as a reflection breeding.

Breeding with similar species or subspecies

Quagga

The Quagga is a late 19th century, now extinct sub form of the plains zebra, which especially distinguished by a strip reduction on the rear half of the body. The Quagga Project is trying to get a visual imitation of this animal by selective breeding to strip reduction. Some copies show this is already clear, but the similarities with the quagga will remain purely superficial.

Canis dirus

The Dire Wolf Project seeks to create a breed of dog, which is similar to the approximately 10,000 years ago have disappeared from the fossil record, wild dog Canis dirus in terms of frame building, the only known with certainty aspect of the phenotype of this kind. The resulting breed is called " American Alsatian "