Catena (linguistics)
Katena is a concept of dependency grammar, which has applications in the syntax, and morpho morphology. The word comes from the Latin word " catena ", with the plural " Katenae ". It means " chain ".
- 5.1 Intra -word Katenae
- 5.2 Inter -word Katenae
Conceptual history
O'Grady suggests the English term "chain " (Eng. chain) for the acquisition of idioms before. Central to this is his observation that many idioms can not be described as constituents. Osborne acknowledges that the chain concept O'Grady can easily win in a dependency grammar. Osborne et al. rename the term in " Katena " to avoid confusion with the derivational understanding of " chain". They argue that the Katena is the central concept for the description of idioms and ellipses. In predicate -argument structures and constructions, it also is Katenae. Other proposals draw the Katena approach also for the description of morphosyntactic and morphological structures.
Definition
In general, " Katena " defined for a dependenzielle tree as " any node or combination of nodes that are in continuous dominance with each other ." According to this definition corresponds to a Katena an entire tree or subtree. A concrete example illustrates this:
The tree above contains the following Katenae:
The total number of nodes combinations calculated according to the formula 2n -1, where n = number of nodes. Since the tree above contains six nodes is 26 (= 64 ) result -1 = 63 combinations. However, the number of combinations that are considered Katenae, only 24, or 39 nodes combinations are not Katenae. This would, for example, the combinations AC, BDF, ADEF or ABCDE. Check this is that, by trying to find a continuous path from one node to another node, all nodes must be on this path of the node to be tested combination. For example. there is a path from D to F, the via C, but not e. Therefore, CDF is a Katena, but CDE DEF or not.
Katenae and other units
Compared with the Katena is the string ( Engl string). A cord is defined as " any node or combination of nodes that are in continuous proximity to each other ." In the above example, there are 21 lines:
If a node is a combination of a cord and Katena same time, then it is referred to as a component. In the above example are 16 components:
The number of components is smaller than that of the cords or the Katenae as a component must satisfy both the definition of the line, as well as the Katena.
If a component includes all the nodes ( the top node ) dominates the root of the component, then the component is complete. A complete component is known as the constituent. The above example contains six constituents:
The number of possible constituents is measured by the number of possible strings, Katenae and components, low, because a node combination, to qualify as a constituent, must meet the definitions of the cord, the Katena and completeness. Technically, the constituent is thus a narrower term to component, which in turn is a sub- term to string and Katena. These ratios represents the diagram below dar.
For linguistic analysis, the ratio of Katenae to constituents is particularly relevant. The property that there are usually more Katenae as constituents in an expression is called inclusiveness. The Katena is more inclusive than the constituent, because more nodes combinations are valid in an expression as Katenae, because as constituents.
Syntactic Katenae
A syntactic Katena results if the expression node is in the original definition is replaced by word: A syntactic Katena is " every word or combination of words that are in continuous dominance with each other ." Syntactic Katenae are real units, which play an important role in the analysis of the following phenomena: Phraseologismus, ellipse, predicate -argument structures, dislocations, and construction grammatical constructions.
Idioms
These are relatively fixed structure, but often are not constituents.
The green words are part of the respective Phraseologismus. The word denoted by X is free, that is, not part of the Phraseologismus. In (a ), X with the direct object of the verb, in (b) of the preposition. It may be in both idioms So then do not act to constituents, if you wish to exclude the free word of the idioms. Idioms and phrases are therefore primarily syntactic Katenae, but not necessarily always constituents.
Ellipses
An ellipse is when words are missing in the set that would actually occur there. About a dozen forms of such repayment mechanisms are known. In the following examples it is gapping and Sluicing:
The green words are the equivalents of the extinguished words ( in gray). The green form words Katenae, but no constituents, so must also form the words Katenae extinguished. Ellipses must be Katenae, but not necessarily constituents.
Predicate -argument structures
Predicates are key parts of a sentence. You facing you or add arguments and information. Predicates are often verbs in many languages in an extended form, so-called periphrases. The Mitauftreten of arguments / supplements and information makes the detection of the predicate as an independent constituent that excludes arguments and information, often impossible.
The green words represent the predicate dar. In (a) the adverb interrupts yesterday ( an indication ), and ( b ) the object the coffee its respective predicate in a way that makes it impossible to interpret the predicates themselves as constituents. Predicates are but definitely always Katenae unless dislocation is present.
Dislocations
Under a dislocation refers to a set position in which at least one word appears not where you would normally expect. The motivation for this is the mark of the dislocated his word, as in topicalization, scrambling or question word preceded by, or the length ( severity ) of a set member can be responsible for the conversion, as in position or Extra Heavy NP shift. A building on the concept of Katena approach distinguishes between the following terms:
The examples (ad) show different Dislokationstypen the Germans. The increased Katena is underlined. The dependence between the increased Katena and her head is marked with a dashed edge. The rain of the increased Katena receives the subscript g (for English " governor " = rain). The Ansteigungskatena, ie, the roots of the head and the rain, of the increased Katena are green. The Ansteigungskatenae in (ad) are not constituents.
Constructions
A structure is any form of expression that has a specific meaning. Construction grammars recognize all the examples shown above, ie, Idioms, ellipses, predicate structures and dislocations, and many more as constructions. Constructions, however, are not limited to the syntax, but also in the morphology present. The hypothesis has been established that all constructions are Katenae.
Morphological Katenae
A morphological Katena results if the expression node is in the original definition is replaced by Morph: A morphological Katena is " every morph or any combination of morphs, which are in continuous dominance with each other ." Under Morph is understood as a nichtreduzierbares, meaning -bearing segment. A distinction between intra- word and inter -word Katenae.
Intra -word Katenae
An intra -word Katena is a Katena whose nodes are morphs of the same word. This is in flexion and Derivation of the case:
The main reason for this kind of morphological Katenae is the criterion of distribution. The word mach- T has made a distribution like the verb tell -t, but not how the verb do -st. The same applies to the English equivalent do- it and the Japanese equivalent yar - u. The word Les- he has a distribution such as the noun hearing it, but not like the verb les -e. The same applies again for the English and the Japanese equivalent.
Inter -word Katenae
An Inter -word Katena is a Katena whose nodes are not morphs of the same word.
The green nodes in the examples above are inter -word Katenae. Thus the word all- em of the preposition can be with dependent, it is necessary that exactly Dativflexiv -em, and does not occur as another. The same applies to the Hebrew and the Japanese example. Should be - HIFA depend on even so the locative prefix must be, and not a allatives prefix occur about. And to kare -no kuruma depend on, the genitive -no must appear, not another Kasusmorph. Because the internal structure of the dependent words form an intra -word Katena which affixes can be considered as root. These then form with the parent morphs Inter -word Katenae. This ratio is also called the Directorate.
Klitisierung can also help describe inter- word Katenae simple:
The green nodes are clitics. In (a) the article has been reduced to the m and klitisiert to the preposition. In order for the clitic is phonologically part of a word, the one word which is the parent, which is subordinate to the article. ( b) shows the converse case. The Kasusklitikon -tan is the noun etxe superior, but phonologically part of the noun subordinate adjective txiki. (c) shows the English possessive a third case: Here the clitic has a parent and a child word. The overall word has, the child is queen. Thus, the clitic the semantic relation forth between these two words. It is but phonologically part of England, a subordinate word of queen.