Chloridoideae

Dog tooth grass ( Cynodon dactylon )

The Chloridoideae are a subfamily of the grasses ( Poaceae ).

Features

The representatives of the subfamily are annual or perennial grasses with rhizomes and foothills that are making lawn or lying down. They are mostly herbaceous, woody rare. The culms are solid or hollow.

The leaves are distich. The ligule usually absent on the abaxial side, rarely present as a hair wreath. Adaxial it is a pellicle. The leaf blades are mostly relatively narrow with pseudo - petioles. The venation is parallel. The leaf sheaths are usually not auriculate. The mesophyll is usually arranged radially, a adaxiales palisade parenchyma is missing. The typical C4 plants Kranz anatomy is present. The midrib is simple.

The inflorescences are spikes, branched spikes or grapes. The spikelets are usually bisexual, rarely unisexual, the plants are often dioecious. There are two glumes present. The spikelets are usually compressed laterally and disintegrate over the glumes. At the lemmas awned are rarely formed and usually come in the singular before. The palea well developed. There are two fleshy, bald Lodiculae, but they can also missing. There are a made ​​up three stamens. The ovary is bald and has no apical appendage. There are two free pens, each with a scar.

The caryopsis often has a free pericarp. The navel is short. The endosperm is hard fats are missing, the starch granules are simple or compound. The embryo is usually large, rarely small. A epiblast is usually present, rarely absent. A scutellum column exists. The internode of Mesokotyls is extended. The leaf margins of the embryo touching, often they overlap.

The basic number of chromosomes is x = ( 7, 8), 9, 10

Most species are C4 plants from PCK or NADME type. Only Eragrostis walteri and Merxmuellera rangei are C3 plants.

Dissemination

The types of Chloridoideae are mostly found in arid regions, especially in the tropics and subtropics. In temperate areas, they are less represented.

System

The subfamily includes about 1400 species. Your sister taxon are the Arundinoideae. The classic division into tribes is not covered by molecular data, however, there is no new outline.

There are the following tribes:

• Tribus Cynodonteae Aegopogon Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., with about four species from the southern United States and Mexico to Argentina and Peru.
• Afrotrichloris Chiov. , With two species in tropical East Africa.
• Austrochloris Lazarides, with only one way in Queensland: Austrochloris dichanthioides ( Everist ) Lazarides

• Buchloe dactyloides ( Nutt. ) Engelm.

• Catalepis gracilis stent & Stapf

• Daknopholis boivinii (A. Camus ) Clayton

• Decaryella madagascariensis A. Camus

• Farrago racemosa Clayton

• Kampochloa brachyphylla Clayton

• Lepturidium insular Hitchc. Ekman &

• Lopholepis ornithocephala ( Hook. ) Steud.

• Monelytrum luederitzianum hack. This type which occurs in Namibia mainly in the western and northern part and southern Angola, there has the German name Lüderitz grass. Been It is named after the first landowner in Namibia, Adolf Lüderitz.

• Mosdenia leptostachys ( Ficalho & Hiern ) Clayton

• Pogonochloa greenwayi C.E. Hubb.

• Polevansia rigida De Winter

• Pommereulla cornucopiae L. f

• Psudozoysia sessilis Chiov.

• Schaffner Ella gracilis ( Benth. ) Nash

• Schedonnardus paniculatus ( Nutt. ) Trel.

• Tetrachaete eleonuroides Chiov.

• Traubiges Velcro grass ( Tragus racemosus (L. ) All. )

• Wight & Arn Acrachne. ex Chiov. , with about three species in the tropics.
• Aeluropus Trin., With about five species that thrive in saline sites from the Mediterranean area and Africa to India and China, two types of which occur in Europe.
• Allolepis Soderstr. & H.F. Decker, with only one type that occurs in the area of the southern United States and Mexico: Allolepis texana ( Vasey ) Soderstr. & H.F. Decker

• Apochiton burttii C.E. Hubb.

• Bewsia biflora ( Hack. ex Schinz ) Gooss.

• Dasyochloa pulchella ( Kunth ) Willd. ex Rydb.

• Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf

• Ectrosiopsis lasioclada ( Merr. ) Jansen

• Entoplocamia aristulata ( Hack. ex Rendle ) Stapf

• Habrochloa bullockii C.E. Hubb.

• Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf, which is found on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.

• Hubbardochloa gracilis Auquier

• Indopoa paupercula ( Stapf ) Bor

• Kengia kitagawae (Honda) Packer

• Leptocarydion vulpiastrum ( De Not. ) Stapf

• Monodia stipoides S.W.L. Jacobs

• Myriostachya wightiana ( Nees ex Steud. ) Hook. f

• Neesiochloa barbata ( Nees ) Pilg.

• Ochthochloa compressa ( Forssk. ) Hilu

• Pogononeura biflora Napper

• Psammagrostis wiseana C. A. Gardner & C.E. Hubb.

• Psilolemma jaegeri ( Pilg. ) S. M. Phillips

• Redfieldia flexuosa ( Thurb. ) Vasey

• Reederochloa eludens Soderstr. & H.F. Decker

• Rheochloa scabriflora Filg. , P.M. Peterson & Y. Herrera

• Richardsiella eruciformis Elffers & Kenn. - O ' Byrne

• Sclerodactylon macrostachyum ( Benth. ) A. Camus

• Scleropogon brevifolius Phil

• Silentvalleya nairii V.J. Nair, Sreek. , Vajr. & Bhargavan

• Sohnsia filifolia (E. Fourn. ) Airy Shaw

• Swallenia alexandrae ( Swallen ) Soderstr. & H.F. Decker

• Tetrachne dregei Nees, which is found in South Africa.

• Urochondra setulosa ( Trin. ) C.E. Hubb.

• Vaseyochola multinervosa ( Vasey ) Hitchc.

• Viguierella madagascariensis A. Camus

• Tribus Leptureae Lepturus R. Br, with about 11 species of the coasts of East Africa to Polynesia and Australia.

• Neostapfia Burtt Davy, with only one type exclusively in California occurs: Neostapfia colusana ( Burtt Davy ) Burtt Davy

• Cottea Kunth, with only one type, their distribution to Ecuador and Argentina ranges from the southern United States via Mexico: Cottea papporhoroides Kunth

• Kaokochloa nigrirostris De Winter ( ' nigrirostis ')

• Incertae sedis within the subfamily: Centropodia ( R. Br ) Rchb. , With about four species of Africa to central Asia.
• Merxmuellera, with up to 19 species ( they are sometimes also Rytidosperma provided); here also includes: Merxmuellera rangei ( Pilg. ) Conert that occurs in South Africa.

Documents

• Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Classification of the Grasses Subfamilial ( Poaceae ). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.
• David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8